History and Trends of Health Care Chapter 1 History and Trends of Health Care

Why Study History Some treatments used in ancient times still used today. Plants and Herbs used for Medicine Morphine comes from poppy plant

Ancient Times 4000 BC – 3000 BC Illness and disease were caused by evil spirits and demons Punishment from the gods brought disease and illness Religion played an important role in Health Care Religion did not allow for human dissection Animals were used to learn about body parts

Ancient Times (Ancient Egyptians) 3000 BC – 300 BC Ancient Egyptians Health records were first recorded by the ancient Egyptians Bloodletting or leeches were used Gods healed people.

Ancient Times (Ancient Chinese) 1700BC – 200AD Chinese The belief to cure the spirit was practiced by the Chinese. Holistic methods stressing entire patient body, mind & spirit Used Acupuncture (puncture the skin by needles) Recorded a Pharmacopeia of Medications Around the same time as the Greeks

Ancient Times (Ancient Greeks) 1200BC – 200BC Greeks 6th Century Alcmaeon discovered the brain as the physiological site of the senses Established that disease is established by natural causes not supernatural Stressed that good diet and cleanliness would help prevent disease. Hippocrates (460-377 BC) 83 years old. Father of Medicine. Created a high standard of ethics, Oath of Hippocrates. Said and Used by physicians today

Ancient Times (Ancient Romans) 753BC – 410 AD The Romans realized that some diseases were connected to filth and implemented the use of sewers for waste and aqueducts (waterways) for clean water In ancient times causes of disease had not been discovered and many illnesses proved to be fatal

The Dark Ages 400 AD fall of the Roman Empire 400 – 800 AD Study of Medicine prohibited Prayer and Divine intervention were used to treat illness and disease Monks & Priests cared for the sick

The Middle Ages 800 - 1400 AD Renewed interest in the medical practices of the Greeks & Romans 9th Century Medical Universities established to train Doctor’s An outbreak of bubonic plague in the 1300s resulted in the death of 75% of the people in Europe and Asia Smallpox, Diphtheria, Typhoid killed many people Many infants died shortly after birth, many children did not live to adulthood

The Renaissance Time period between 1350–1650 AD Otherwise known as the “rebirth of the science of medicine” Human dissection to view body organs Medical books were published Causes of disease were still a mystery

The 16th & 17th Centuries 1500 – 1599 and 1600 – 1699 The 1500’s & 1600’s Life span 35-45 years Knowledge regarding the human body greatly increased Invention of the microscope Apothecaries (early pharmacists) were involved in the making, prescribing, and selling of medications Causes of disease were still not known and many people died form infection and child birth fever.

The 1500’s (16th Century) Ambroise Pare French Surgeon Father of Modern Surgery Used Ligatures to bind arteries and stop bleeding Improved treatment of fractures Promoted the use of artificial limbs

The 1500’s (16th Century) Gabriel Fallopius Identified the fallopian tubes in the female Described the Tympanic membrane in the ear

The 1600’s (17th Century) William Harvey in 1628 Described the circulation of blood to and from the heart Before this blood was believed to be all over inside you and would go everywhere

The 1600’s (17th Century) Anton Van Leeuwenhoek in 1666 Invented the Microscope “Father of Microbiology” He developed methods for grinding lenses for more powerful magnification Tiny single-celled organisms he called “Animlcules” now called Microorganisms

The 1600’s (17th Century) Bartolomeo Eustachio Identified the eustacian tube leading from the ear to the throat Apothecaries (early pharmacists) made, prescribed and sold medications

The 1600’s (17th Century) Bartolomeo Eustachio Identified the eustacian tube leading from the ear to the throat

The 1700’s (18th Century) Average life span 40-50 Years Causes of many diseases unknown Medical care remained limited Invention of the thermometer, Feeding tube, C-section, Vaccination & Discovery of Oxygen & Vitamin C

The 1700’s (18th Century) Gabriel Fahrenheit created the mercury thermometer in 1714 Joseph Priestley discovered the element of Oxygen in 1774 John Hunter introduced the feeding tube in 1778

The 1700’s (18th Century) Benjamin Franklin invented Bifocals for glasses Dr. Jessee Bennet performed the first successful C-Section for infant delivery in 1794 James Lind Prescribed Vitamin C to prevent Scurvy in 1795

The 1700’s (18th Century) Edward Jenner developed a Vaccination for Smallpox in 1796 Studied why smallpox was low with milkmaids Discovered those who had Cow Pox were far less likely to develop Smallpox The word Vaccination comes from Latin for Cow “Vacca”

The 1800’s (19th Century) Industrial Revolution. Advancements occurred because of the development of machines and ready access to books Average life span 40- 65 Years Many Vaccines and medications were developed Treatment for diseases was more specific after the causes for diseases were identified. Women became active in medicine Infection control with methods to stop the spread of disease

The 1800’s (19th Century) 1818. James Blundell Performed the First Successful blood transfusion on humans 1816 Rene Laennec Invented the stethoscope. Published a book on Auscultation (Listening to internal sounds) 1840 Ignaz Semmelweis Encouraged doctors to wash hands with lime between Autopsies and Deliveries. Idea Resisted

The 1800’s (19th Century) 1854 Florence Nightingale Reformed Nursing, established efficient & sanitary nurses. Is the founder of Modern Nursing 1865 Joseph Lister began using Antiseptics in surgery to prevent infection 1875 Paul Ehrlich, bacteriologist, detecting & differentiating microorganisms & foundation for modern theories of Immunity

The 1800’s (19th Century) 1880 First Electrical Hearing Aid 1881 Clara Barton founded American Red Cross 1882 Robert Koch developed culture plate method to identify & isolate pathogens 1885 Louis Pasteur proved that microorganisms cause disease & developed Pasteurizing milk to kill bacteria

The 1800’s (19th Century) 1892 Dimitri Ivanofski discovered viruses 1893 Lillian Wald Started Public Health Nursing 1895 Wilhelm Roentgen discovered X-rays 1897 Almroth Wright developed a vaccine for typhoid fever 1899 Bayer introduced Aspirin in powdered form

The1900’s 20th Century Most rapid growth in health care Average life span 60-80 years New Machines invented, such as X-rays Medicines such as insulin for diabetes, antibiotics for infections and vaccines to prevent disease were developed Causes for many diseases identified The structure of DNA and research in gene therapy Health care plans to help pay for healthcare Computer technology help advance medicine

The1900’s 20th Century 1901 Carl Landsteiner classified the ABO blood groups 1910 Marie Curie isolates Radium 1918 Influenza Pandemic kills more than 21 million 1922 Banting & Best used insulin for Diabetes 1928 Sir Alexander Fleming discovered penicillin

The1900’s 20th Century 1950’s Salk & Sabin develop vaccines for Pollio 1953 Crick & Watson describe the structure of DNA and how it carries genetic information 1953 First Heart-Lung Machine used in open heart surgery 1963 first Liver Transplant 1964 first Lung Transplant

The1900’s 20th Century 1965 Medicare & Medicaid enacted 1967 Christian Barnard performed First Successful Heart Transplant 1973 Health Maintenance Organizations Formed (HMO’s) 1975 CT Scans Developed 1981 AIDS Identified

The1900’s 20th Century 1992 NIH research Center Established 1995 Chicken Pox Vaccine 1996 Mad Cow Disease outbreak 1996 HIPAA act signed into law 1997 “Dolly” First sheep was cloned

The 21st Century 2000’s Human genome project Embryonic stem cell research Threat of bioterrorism with the use biologic agents as weapons Viruses that can cause pandemic (world-wide) epidemics

Pandemic Outbreak of disease over a wide geographic area Influenza pandemics have occurred throughout history H5N1 viruses—avian flu virus Viruses can mutate and also exchange genetic information (continues)