1. Medical and Nursing History The early beginnings

2. Very Early Primitive humans were superstitious and believed that illness and disease was caused by spirits. Tribal doctors tried to exorcise the spirits out, and used herbs and plants. Foxglove (digitalis) Cinchona tree (quinine) Nightshade (belladonna and atropine)

3. Egyptians (3000-300 BC) Earliest people to keep accurate health records Identified certain diseases Used medicines to heal diseases Learned the art of splinting Average life span 20-30 years

4. Ancient Greeks (1200-200 BC) First to study the cause of disease Kept accurate records Understood importance of searching for new information Ancient times did not allow for dissection of bodies. Learned the external observation (Hippocrates 469-377 B.C.) Hippocrates wrote standard of ethics Oath of Hippocrates

5. Greeks Continued…. Rome (753 BC-410 AD) Begins Observed and measured the effects of disease. Discovered that some diseases caused by lack of sanitation Romans were smart and learned from the Greeks. Romans developed sewers and aqueducts Romans build public baths

6. More Romans First to organize healthcare First to send doctors and equipment into battle Physicians kept a room in their house for the sick (beginning of hospitals) Doctors were paid by the roman government They wore a death mask with a spice filled beak. Average Life Span 25-35 years.

7. The Dark Ages (400- 800 a.d.) & Middle ages(800-1400 A.D.) When the study of science stopped. For over 1000 years medicine was practiced in convents and monasteries Priest had no interest in how the body functioned Epidemics caused millions of death Best know was the Bubonic plague (The black plague) 60 million people alone.

8. Middle Ages Continues Arab Physicians used knowledge of chemistry to advance pharmacology Rhazes became known as the Arab Hippocrates –Based diagnoses on observations –Began the use of animal gut as suture material Arabs began requiring physicians to pass examinations and obtain licenses Average life span 20-35 years

9. Rebirth of science of medicine Dissection of the Body began Michelangelo and da Vinci used dissection in order to draw the human body First Chairs of medicine created at Oxford and Cambrigde in England First anatomy book published Servetus (1511-1553) describe the circulatory system Bacon (1214-1294) –Promoted chemical remedies to treat diseases –Researched optics and refraction Average life span 30-40 years The Renaissance (1350-1650 AD)

10. 16 th and 17 th Centuries  Causes of Diseases still not known  Many people died from infections and puerperal fever (childbirth)  Pare (1510-1590) Father of modern Surgery Use of ligatures to bind arteries Eliminated use of boiling oil to cauterize wounds Improved treatment of Fx, promoted artificial Limbs  Fallopian (1523-1562) ID fallopian tubes and described tympanic membrane  Van Leeuwenhoek (1632-1723) invented the microscope  Apothacaries made, prescribed, and sold medications  Average life Span 35-45 years

11. 18 th Century New ways of teaching medicine developed. Lecture, Laboratory, and bedside. Disease processes explored after patient death Laennec invented the stethoscope. B. Franklin’s discovered bifocals and how colds are transmitted Jenner Discovered a method for smallpox vaccinations Lind prescribe lime juice to prevent scurvy Average life span 40-50 years

12. 19 th Century Royal College of Surgeons founded in London First successful blood transfusion was performed Fliedner started first nurse training program in Germany 1836. Provided Florence Nightingale with her training Semmelweis encouraged physicians to wash hands with limes. Anesthetics first used by dentist William Morton Chloroform first used during surgery.

13. 19 th Century Continued Elizabeth Blackwell first female physician in U.S. 1849 1854 Nightingale established efficient and sanitary nursing unit 1860 Began professional education for nurse in London Dix was appointed first Superintendent of Female nurse in the Army 1861 1863-International Red Cross Founded Lister used disinfectants and antiseptics during surgery

14. 19 th Century Continued Barton founded the American Red Cross in 1881 Pasteur created rabies vaccine in 1885 1892- Viruses discovered 1883-Wald established Henry St. Settlement in NYC 1895- X-rays were invented Average life span 40-60 years

15. 20 th Century 1900- W. Reed demonstrated that mosquitoes carry yellow fever 1922- insulin discovered to treat diabetes 1928- Penicillin discovered Sulfa drugs developed 1953- First heart lung machine used in open heart surgery 1954- First kidney transplant 1965- government enters the healthcare services

16. 20 th Century….. 1973- First HMO established 1975- amniocentesis used Computerized axial tomography was developed 1981- AIDS was identified 1982- First Artificial heart implanted Jarvik-7 1984- HIV identified 1997- sheep cloned Average life span 60-70 years

17. THE FUTURE????