1. History of Medicine

2. 4000 BC - 3000 BC Believed that illness and disease
were caused by supernatural
spirits and demons.
Ceremonies were used to drive
out evil spirits.
Herbs and plants were used for medication.
Skeletal evidence has been found demonstrating trepanation.
Average life span = 20 years.

3. Trepanation
Unearthed in Peru; 6000 BC.
Unearthed in Peru; 7000 BC

4. 2000 BC – 300 BC Ancient Egypt Earliest known health records.
Offerings to gods for healing.
Imhotep (2700 BC) first recognized physician.
Use of blood-letting and leeches as treatment.
Herbs and plants used as medicine
Average life span = 20 to 30 years.
Ancient papyrus
Imhotep

5. 1700 BC – 220 AD Ancient Chinese
Monitored pulse rate to determine the condition of the body.
Believed in curing whole body by curing the spirit and nourishment:
Yin and Yang
First recorded “pharmacy” of herbs.
Use of acupuncture and acupressure.
Began searching for organic causes of disease.
Average life span = 20 to 30 years.
Acupuncture

6. 1200 BC – 200 BC Ancient Greeks The start of the Hippocratic tradition
“will cause no harm to the patient”.
Believed illness the result of natural causes.
Introduction of massage therapy and continued use of herbal therapy.
Introduced concept that good diet and cleanliness prevented disease.
Average life span = 25 to 35 years.
Hippocrates

7. 753 BC – 410 AD Ancient Romans
Surgical hooks
First to organize medical care for wounded soldiers.
Early hospitals allowed for separation of well and sick.
Beginning of public health and sanitation systems.
Diet, exercise and medication used to treat disease.
Average life span = 25 to 35 years.
Various surgical tools

8. Renewed interest in work of Greeks and Romans.
Medical universities open in the 9th century.
Pandemic of bubonic plague occurred.
Chemistry advances in pharmacology.
Average life span =
20 to 35 years.
800 – 1400 AD Middle Ages
Doctor dressed for visiting patient
believed to suffer from Black Death.

9. 1350 – 1650 AD Renaissance
Dissection of the human body allowed for better understanding of anatomy and physiology
Invention of the printing press allowed knowledge to be spread to others.
Average life span = 30 to 40 years.
David, by Michelangelo
Circle Man, by da Vinci

10. 16th and 17th Centuries Causes of disease still unknown.
Many died from infection and childbirth fever.
Apothecaries made, prescribed, and sold medications.
Average life span = 35 to 45 years.

11. Ambroise Pare 1510-1590 Father of Modern Surgery
Introduced amputation to
battlefield care of
wounded soldiers.
Promoted use of
artificial limbs.
Use of ligatures to
stop bleeding and bind
arteries.

12. Anton van Leeuwenhoek 1632-1723
Developed one of the most important inventions of all time – the microscope!
Began using the lenses to observe the
microscopic world.
Discovered bacteria, protists, rotifers, and blood cells.
Early microscope
Rotifer

13. 18th Century Fahrenheit created first mercury thermometer.
Franklin
18th Century
Fahrenheit created first mercury thermometer.
Priestly discovered the element oxygen.
Ben Franklin invented bifocals for glasses.
Lind prescribed limes to prevent scurvy.
Jenner developed first smallpox vaccine.
Average life span = 40 – 50 years.

14. Edward Jenner
Edward Jenner learned early in his medical career that if at one time one had cowpox, they would not get smallpox.
The human immunity from the infection of smallpox was tested by vaccinating patients with fluid from pustules of cowpox-infected patients and then showing that these subjects were immune to smallpox.

16. The 19th Century

17. 19th Century Many discoveries and inventions
First use of anesthetic for surgeries.
International Red Cross was founded in 1863.
Discovery of bacterial causes of disease.
Average life span = 40 – 60 years.

18. Important Dates
1819: First successful human blood transfusion by James Blundell.
1819: Rene Laennec invented the stethoscope.
1849: Elizabeth Blackwell was the first female physician in the U.S.
1865: First use of antiseptics during surgery by Joseph Lister.
1892: Discovery of viruses by Dimitri Ivanfski.
1895: X-rays discovered by Wilhelm Roentgen.

19. Worked to disprove the idea of spontaneous generation.
Proved that microorganisms cause disease:
Germ Theory of Disease
Developed pasteurization to kill microorganisms in milk.
Created a vaccine for rabies.
Louis Pasteur

20. Gregor Mendel
Developed Mendel’s Laws of Inheritance. These laws established principles of heredity and dominant/recessive patterns.
Presented his finding to the medical community, but they weren’t widely accepted until the early 1900’s.

21. The 20th Century

22. You name it, it happened! 1901: ABO blood groups identified
1920: Health insurance plans are introduced.
1928: Fleming discovered penicillin
1952: Development of polio vaccine.
1953: DNA structure described by Watson & Crick.
1954: First kidney transplant.
1962: First severed arm reattached.
1963: First liver transplant.
1964: First lung transplant.
1968; First heart transplant.
1970: First synthesized gene.
1975: Amniocentesis used to diagnose birth defects in-utero.

23. Jarvik-7 artifical heart
And more!
Dolly
Introduction of sperm into egg cytoplasm
                                             
1978: First test tube baby.
1981: AIDS epidemic begins.
1982: Artificial heart is implanted in human.
1984: HIV identified.
1990: Gene therapy used to treat disease.
1990’s: Human Genome Project begins
1997: Dolly the sheep is cloned.
Jarvik-7 artifical heart

24. The Possibilities are Endless!

25. Potential Increased average life span to 100+ years.
Cures for current diseases like AIDS.
Gene manipulation to prevent inherited diseases/Designer babies.
Slow the aging process.
Treatment for spinal cord injuries.
Improved transplantation techniques.
Reduced antibiotic resistance.
Computerized body parts.
Increased cloning activities.
Increased average life span to 100+ years.