1. The History of Health Care Health Science Ms. Spangler

2. Objectives Differentiate between early beliefs about the cause of disease and treatment and current beliefs about disease and treatment. Identify 10 major events in the history of healthcare.

3. Ancient Times Disease and illness caused by evil spirits Treatment directed towards eliminating spirts

4. Primitive Times Believed illness caused by demons & spirits Herbs and plants used as medicines Life span- 20 years

5. Egyptians Earliest to keep accurate health records Superstitious Called upon gods Leeches Life Span 20-30 yrs

6. Egyptians Priests were the doctors –Temples were places of worship, medical schools, and hospitals –Only the priests could read the medical knowledge from the god “Thoth”

7. Egyptians Research on mummies has revealed the existence of diseases –Arthritis –Kidney stones –Arteriosclerosis

8. Egyptians Some medical practices still used today –Enemas –Circumcision (4000 BC) preceded marriage –Closing wounds –Setting fractures

9. Ancient Chinese Carefully monitored pulse Treated entire body, not just symptom Used acupuncture Began search for medical reasons to illness Life Span 20-30 yrs

10. Greek Medicine First to study causes of diseases Research helped eliminate superstitions Sanitary practices were associated with the spread of disease Massages, art, herbal treament

11. Greek Medicine Hippocrates –no dissection, only observations –took careful notes of signs/symptoms of diseases –disease was not caused by supernatural forces Father of Medicine –wrote standards of ethics which is the basis for today’s medical ethics

12. Greek Medicine Life span 25-35 yrs

13. Roman Medicine Learned from the Greeks and developed a sanitation system –Aqueducts and sewers –Public baths Beginning of public health

14. Roman Medicine Provided care to injured soldiers Room in doctors’ house became first hospital Life span 25-35 yrs

15. Dark Ages (400-800 A.D.) Saving the soul, study of medicine prohibited Prayer treated illness/disease Medications herbal mixtures Life span 20-30 yrs

16. Dark Ages (400-800 A.D.) and Middle Ages (800-1400 A.D.) Terrible epidemics –Bubonic plague (Black Death) –Small pox –Diphtheria –Syphilis –Measles –Typhonid fever –Tuberculosis

17. Middle Ages (800-1400 A. D.) Renewed interest in medical practice Arab physicians advance pharmocology Pass exams, obtain licenses Life Span 20-35 yrs

18. Renaissance Medicine (1350-1650 A.D.) Universities and medical schools for research Dissection (A&P) Medical books

19. 16 th & 17 th Century Ambroise Pare: Father of modern surgery Anton van Leeuwekhoek (1676) –invented microscope –observed microorganisms

20. 16 th & 17 th Century William Harvey –circulation of blood Gabriele Fallopian –discovered fallopian tube Bartholomew Eustachus –discovered the eustachian tube Life Span 35-45 yrs

21. 18 th Century Edward Jenner 1796 –smallpox vaccination Joseph Priestly –discovered oxygen –Gabriel Fahrenheit, thermometer

22. 18 th Century Benjamin Franklin –invented bifocals –found that colds could be passed from person to person Laennec –invented the stethoscope Life Span- 40-50 yrs

23. 19 th Century Most rapid advances in healthcare !!! Medical school founded in London First successful blood transfusion Training programs for nurses

24. 19 th & 20 th Century Inez Semmelweiss –identified the cause of puerperal fever which led to the importance of hand washing Louis Pasteur (1860 –1895) –discovered that microorganisms cause disease

25. 19 th & 20 th Century Wilhelm Roentgen –discovered X-rays Paul Ehrlick –discovered effect of medicine on disease causing microorganisms Anesthesia discovered –nitrous oxide, ether, chloroform

26. 19 th & 20 th Century Joseph Lister –first doctor to use antiseptic during surgery Robert Koch –Father of Microbiology –identified germ causing TB

27. 19 th & 20 th Century Alexander Fleming –discovered penicillin Jonas Salk –discovered that a killed polio virus would cause immunity to polio Alfred Sabin –discovered that a live virus provided more effective immunity –Life Span 40-60 yrs

28. 20 th Century Insulin discovered to treat diabetes First open heart surgery 1953 First dialysis machine invented Hospice founded HIV identified Life span 60-70 yrs

29. 21 st Century Cures for cancer, heart disease being found Nerves are regenerated to eliminate paralysis Transplants of every organ (brain) are possible Life span 90-100 yrs

30. Summary When did most of the most significant changes in health care occur? Why were the greatest advances made in this time period? What are some possibilities for the future of healthcare?