1. Copyright © 2014 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. Chapter 01 History and Trends of Health Care

2. Copyright © 2014 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. 1:1 History of Health Care Some treatment methods used today are from ancient times Herbs utilized in the past for both food and medicine are found in medications today

3. Copyright © 2014 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. Ancient Times Illness & disease were believed to be caused by evil spirits & demons or punishment from gods, trepanation Limited knowledge, religion did not allow human dissections only animals ancient Egyptians - Earliest to keep accurate health records, Priests were the doctors & could read the medical knowledge from the god Thoth

4. Copyright © 2014 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. Egyptians Eye of Horus – 5000 years ago – Magic eye – amulet to guard against disease, suffering, and evil – History: Horus lost vision in attack by Seth; mother (Isis) called on Thoth for help; eye restored – Evolved into modern day R x sign

5. Copyright © 2014 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. Jewish Medicine Avoided medical practice Concentrated on health rules concerning food, cleanliness, and quarantine Moses: pre-Hippocratic medical practice – banned quackery (God was the only physician) – enforced Day of Rest (According to the Bible, God rested on the seventh day of creation).

6. Copyright © 2014 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. Greek Medicine First to study causes of diseases Research helped eliminate superstitions Sanitary practices were associated with the spread of disease

7. Copyright © 2014 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. Greek Medicine Hippocrates – no dissection, only observations – Developed an organized method to observe the human body – took careful notes of signs/symptoms of many diseases – disease was not caused by supernatural forces Father of Medicine – wrote standards of ethics which is the basis for today’s medical ethics

8. Greek Medicine Aesculapius – staff and serpent symbol of medicine – temples built in his honor because the first true clinics and hospitals

9. Copyright © 2014 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. Ancient Times (continued) Chinese believed in the need to cure the spirit and nourish the body

10. Copyright © 2014 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. Ancient Times (continued) Romans implemented use of sewers for waste and aqueducts (waterways) for clean water In ancient times causes of disease had not been discovered and many illnesses were fatal Average life span of 20 to 35 years

11. Copyright © 2014 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. The Dark Ages and Middle Ages Interest in the medical practices of Greeks and Romans In the 1300s an epidemic of bubonic plague (Black death) killed nearly 75% of the population of Europe and Asia Average life span of 20 to 35 years

12. Copyright © 2014 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. The Renaissance Rebirth of the science of medicine Human dissection to view body organs Printing press allowed publication of medical books Causes of disease were still a mystery Average life span of 30 to 40 years

13. Copyright © 2014 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. The 16th, 17th, and 18th Centuries Knowledge of human body greatly increased Invention of microscope Apothecaries (early pharmacists) made, prescribed, and & sold medications Smallpox vaccine discovered Average life span of 40 to 50 years

14. Copyright © 2014 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. The 19th Century Industrial Revolution – Development of machines – Major progress in medical science Invention of stethoscope, nurse training programs Infection control Average life span of 40 to 65 years

15. Copyright © 2014 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. The 20th Century The most rapid growth in health care X-rays, medicines, and vaccines to prevent disease developed The structure of DNA and research in gene therapy (ongoing today) Health care plans

16. Copyright © 2014 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. The 20th Century (continued) First open-heart surgery in 1950s Computer technology in every aspect of health care Unlimited possibilities for medical science in the future Average life span of 60 to 80 years

17. Copyright © 2014 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. The 21st Century No Scar surgery using own body openings in 2008 WHO declared a pandemic of the H1N1 virus (Swine Flu) in 2009 Coiling to treat brain aneurysm without brain surgery in 2011 Patient Protection & Affordability Act was signed into law in March 2010, fully enforced in 2014

18. Copyright © 2014 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. The 21st Century Human Genome Project Embryonic stem cell and cloned cell research Threat of bioterrorism with the use of biologic agents as weapons Viruses that can cause pandemics

19. Copyright © 2014 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. Resources Human Genome Project - designed to identify all the genes in human DNA. This website also contains articles about genetic diseases, testing, and counseling. http://www.genomics.energy.gov/http://www.genomics.energy.gov/ National Library of Medicine - contains hundreds of & documents related to the history of medicine. http://www.nlm.nih.gov/hmd/