Grammar Lesson 11 Vocab: Caco- a Greek prefix that means something bad or vile Cacography- bad handwriting or spelling Cacophony- disagreeable or discordant sound

Capitalization: Sentence, Pronoun I, Poetry The first word of every sentence requires a capital letter. The pronoun I is always capitalized, no matter where it is placed in the sentence. The first words of each line in most poetry are usually capitalized.

Grammar Lesson 12 Vocab: Confidently- means to do something with full assurance or strong belief Confidentially- means secretly or privately

Irregular Plural Nouns Plural nouns: we never form a plural with an apostrophe. In most cases, we make a singular noun plural by adding an s. Face-faces Truth-truths Form-forms

Irregular Forms Some nouns have irregular plural forms. We add es to a singular noun ending in the following letters: s, sh, ch, x, z (watch-watches, glass-glasses, tax-taxes, buzz-buzzes) We add an s when a singular noun ends with ay, ey, oy, or uy (tray-trays, buoy- buoys, guy-guys) We change y to i and add es when a singular noun ends in a consonant plus y, unless it is someone’s name (library-libraries, sky-skies, penny-pennies)

Grammar Lesson 13 Vocab: Prefix eu- means good Euphony- pleasant or harmonious sound Euphoria- a feeling of well-being or elation Eulogy- a written or spoken commendation of a person or thing

Irregular Plural Nouns, Part 2 Some singular nouns change completely in their plural forms Child-children, goose-geese, octopus-octopi, man-men Other nouns are the same in their singular and plural forms Sheep-sheep, deer-deer When we are uncertain, it is very important that we use a dictionary to check plural forms. If the plural form of the noun is regular, then the dictionary will not list it. If there are two forms listed, use the first one.

Nouns ending in f, ff, and fe We add s to form the plural Cliff-cliffs, roof-roofs However, for some nouns ending in f and fe, we change the f to v and add es Scarf-scarves, life-lives

Nouns ending in o We usually add s to form the plurals of nouns ending in o, especially if they are musical terms Soprano-sopranos, solo-solos, piano-pianos However, the following are important exceptions: Hobo-hoboes, tomato-tomatoes, mango-mangoes, potato-potatoes, mosquito-mosquitoes, echo-echoes, torpedo-torpedoes

Compound Nouns We make the main element plural in a compound noun Daughter-in-law=daughters-in-law Bellman=bellmen Power of attorney=powers of attorney Justice of the peace=justices of the peace

Nouns ending in ful We form the plurals of nouns ending in ful by adding an s at the end of the word. Plateful-platefuls Earful-earfuls