 Food  Insects  Water  Human-Contact (Direct and Indirect) Airborne Sexually Transmitted Blood or Bodily Fluids Sneezing/Coughing

 ~48million/yr  250 known diseases  Caused by: bacteria, viruses or parasites  Bodies reaction to manufactured chemicals  Uncooked meat products  Usually transmitted through ingestion  Foods exposed to warmer temperature = increased growth rate of micro-organisms

 Not caused by the INSECT ( but the organisms passing through their system when they feed or bite)  Caused by many different micro-organisms Bacteria Viruses Protozoan  Micro-organism = Pathogen  Insect = Vector  Mosquito bites a bird, bird feeds young....

 Waterborne Diseases- water containing infectious viruses or bacteria (human/animal waste)  Water Washed Diseases – skin/eye infections caused by lack of clean water for washing  Water Based Diseases – spread by organisms that develop in water and become human parasites. Insufficiently cooked fish  Introduced to these micro-organisms through dirty drinking water, polluted rain water etc..  Urbanization/dam construction – create new environments for disease to spread.  Climate Change – spreading range of vectors such as mosquitoes

 Spread through direct bodily contact with an infected person.  Sexually Transmitted Diseases (S.T.Ds) ▪ Parasites – nourished from the people they infect (medications can treat these) ▪ Bacteria – 1 cell, feed from their host (anti-biotics) ▪ Viruses – complex molecules multiple once they invade a host (some cannot be cured, but can be controlled with vaccines)

 Open wounds or body discharges infect environment and personal belongings  AIRBORNE- pathogenic microbes small enough to be discharges from an infected person (coughing, laughing) ▪ Suspended in air on dust particles  Can be inhaled or contacts the mucus membrane to infect someone

 3 MAIN TYPES  Harmful Bacteria  Viruses  Parasitic Organisms

 Can survive in the body, but outside individual cells.  Treated with antibiotics  Commonly caused by: pneumococci, staphylococci and streptococci ▪ Commensals (live harmlessly on their host but can become virulent)  Give off toxins that damage tissues ▪ Aerobes – require oxygen ▪ Anaerobes – grow only in absence of oxygen (small intestine)

 Streptococcal bacteria, Neisseria meningitidis, E.coli  Pathogenic bacteria reproduce and crowd out healthy bacteria, or grow in normally sterile tissue.  Salmonella bacteria- leading cause of food poisoning ▪ 2000 types of bacteria that make up salmonella that cause illness by reproducing in the digestive tract ▪ Direct contact or ingestion of something with bacteria on it ( not fully cooked chicken) ▪ Reptiles and Amphibians (snakes) carry salmonella on their skin ▪ SYMPTOMS – headache, diarrhea, fever, nausea

 Not living things, but require “machinery” of living organisms to replicate (human body)  Vaccination is most common treatment for viral infections  Mostly airborne  Typically a nucleic acid in a protein coat

 Chickenpox, herpes and shingles  Influenza (flu)– inhalation of virus (airborne)  Attacks cells in the upper respiratory tract  Spread through droplets (caugh, laugh or talking)  Symptoms – cough, fatigue, sore throat

 3 main types: Protozoa, Helminths and Ectoparasites  PROTOZOA – One-Celled  Transmission through arthropod vector (blood or tissue) ▪ Mosquito bite  Transmission through fecal-oral route (living in intestine) ▪ Contaminated food  Organism that lives on or in a host organism ▪ Gets its food from the host

 Giardia Lamblia – flagellated parasite – colonizes and reproduces in small intestine ▪ Remains confined to lumen of S.I and absorbs nutrients from lumen ▪ Transmission – ingestion of contaminated water ▪ Symptoms – anorexia, nausea and bloating  Characterized by mode of transportation  Flagellates  Amebas  Spore-Forming  Ciliates

 It is a biological preparation that improves immunity to a particular disease.  It stimulates the body’s IMMUNE SYSTEM to recognize the foreign agent, destroy it and keep record of it.

 Made up of: cells, glands, organs, and fluids located throughout the body.  Recognizes germs (antigens) and produces a protein substance called antibodies to fight antigens.

 Remember the original antigen and then automatically defend against the specific antigen if re-infected.  Are responsible for immunity to diseases.

Stimulate the production of Antibodies Stimulate the production of Memory Cells Resulting in Immunity to specific diseases

 Is the transfer of active immunity in the form of readymade antibodies.  Provides immediate protection against an antigen.

 Refers to antibody-mediated conveyed to a fetus from its mother during pregnancy.  Also provided through the transfer of IgA antibodies found in breast milk.

 Short-term immunization induced by the transfer of antibodies.  Used to treat acute infection and poisoning.

 The body’s ability to prepare itself for future infections by creating antibodies and memory cells.  Innate immune system protects an individual from pathogens regardless of experience.

 Occurs when a person is exposed to a live pathogen and the body produces a primary immune response.  It is “natural” as it is not induced by a deliberate exposure.

 Is induced by a vaccine that contains an antigen.  There are 4 types of vaccinations: 1. Inactivated Vaccines 2. Live attenuated Vaccines 3. Toxoids 4. Subunit Vaccines

 Wash your hands  Cough or Sneeze into the sleeve of your shirt  Avoid sharing toiletries  Good nights rest  Drink lots of water  Eat colourful fruits and veggies  Exercise  Eat Garlic