1. The Immune System

2. Basic Vocab. ___________- any change that disrupts the normal functions of the body. ___________- any change that disrupts the normal functions of the body. __________- Disease-causing agents; such as; viruses, bacteria, protists, worms, fungi __________- Disease-causing agents; such as; viruses, bacteria, protists, worms, fungi ______________-diseases caused by pathogens ______________-diseases caused by pathogens _________– triggers immune response (bad guys) _________– triggers immune response (bad guys) _______– protein; destroys pathogens (good guys) _______– protein; destroys pathogens (good guys) Disease Pathogen Infectious Diseases Antigen Antibody

3. How Diseases are Spread _______________– transmitted when a healthy person touches a person with a disease. _______________– transmitted when a healthy person touches a person with a disease. _______________- transmitted through bodily fluids _______________- transmitted through bodily fluids _____________- through the air or by touching objects that have been infected and than touching your nose or mouth. _____________- through the air or by touching objects that have been infected and than touching your nose or mouth. Physical Contact Sexual Contact Indirect contact

4. How Diseases are Spread Some behaviors can help to control transmission of diseases. Such as covering your mouth with a tissue when you cough, & wash your hands Some behaviors can help to control transmission of diseases. Such as covering your mouth with a tissue when you cough, & wash your hands

5. How Diseases are Spread __________________________– caused by eating food containing pathogens or drinking un-sanitized water. __________________________– caused by eating food containing pathogens or drinking un-sanitized water. ________________- Vectors carry diseases like Lyme disease, West Nile virus, & rabies ________________- Vectors carry diseases like Lyme disease, West Nile virus, & rabies Contaminated Food and Water Infected Animals

6. Immune System The Immune system is the body’s primary defense against pathogens. The Immune system is the body’s primary defense against pathogens. 4 Nonspecific Defenses : Not directed against any one pathogen, guards against all infections. Not directed against any one pathogen, guards against all infections. 1. Skin 2. Mouth & Respiratory Passages 3. Inflammation 4. Fever

7. 1.Skin Most important nonspecific defense Most important nonspecific defense Few pathogens can penetrate that tough layer of __________ protein (dead skin) at the skins outer surface Few pathogens can penetrate that tough layer of __________ protein (dead skin) at the skins outer surface keratin

8. 2.Mouth & Respiratory Passages Millions of microorganisms enter each day Millions of microorganisms enter each day Passages leading to lungs are coated with________ Passages leading to lungs are coated with________ Mucus traps airborne pathogens Mucus traps airborne pathogens Swept into the ___________ to be destroyed Swept into the ___________ to be destroyed mucus digestive system

9. 3.Inflammation Occurs when _________ do enter the body (usually through skin) Occurs when _________ do enter the body (usually through skin) Blood vessels near wound expand Blood vessels near wound expand WBC leak from the vessels to invade the infected tissues WBC leak from the vessels to invade the infected tissues ____________(wbc) engulf and destroy them ____________(wbc) engulf and destroy them Infected tissue may become swollen and painful Infected tissue may become swollen and painfulpathogens Phagocytes

11. White blood cell chasing bacteria White blood cell chasing bacteria When a wound breaks human skin, it creates a gateway for harmful pathogens to invade human cells. When a wound breaks human skin, it creates a gateway for harmful pathogens to invade human cells. Neutrophils, which are a type of white blood cell, live in human blood vessels. Neutrophils, which are a type of white blood cell, live in human blood vessels. When pathogens invade a human cell, neutrophils travel to the infection site to destroy the invading pathogen. The first step in this process is engulfing the pathogen. When pathogens invade a human cell, neutrophils travel to the infection site to destroy the invading pathogen. The first step in this process is engulfing the pathogen. Once the neutrophil has completely surrounded the pathogen, it produces an oxidant, hypochlorous acid. Hypochlorous acid is a biocide, meaning it kills organic material. Once produced by the neutrophil, it kills the bacteria almost instantly. Once the neutrophil has completely surrounded the pathogen, it produces an oxidant, hypochlorous acid. Hypochlorous acid is a biocide, meaning it kills organic material. Once produced by the neutrophil, it kills the bacteria almost instantly.

12. 4.Fever ____________ has spread ____________ has spread Immune System releases chemicals that increase the _______________ Immune System releases chemicals that increase the _______________ Pathogens can only survive within a narrow temperature range Pathogens can only survive within a narrow temperature range Pathogen body’s temp

13. Specific Defenses Attacks the particular disease causing agents Attacks the particular disease causing agents 2 types 2 types Antibody & T cells

14. Antibody Immunity Antigens stimulate production of ______________. Antigens stimulate production of ______________. Antibody has two binding sites which are specific in a particular antigen Antibody has two binding sites which are specific in a particular antigen antibodies

15. An antibody matches an antigen much as a key matches a lock. Whenever antigen and antibody interlock, the ___________ marks the antigen for _____________ An antibody matches an antigen much as a key matches a lock. Whenever antigen and antibody interlock, the ___________ marks the antigen for _____________ antibody destruction

17. Lymphocytes White blood cells White blood cells One group called B cells One group called B cells Another group called T cells Another group called T cells

18. B cells Mature in ______________ Mature in ______________ Produce antibodies Produce antibodies as B cells develop, antibody genes in each rearrange themselves in different ways. as B cells develop, antibody genes in each rearrange themselves in different ways. When complete, immune system contains millions of B cells each capable of producing a slightly different antibody. When complete, immune system contains millions of B cells each capable of producing a slightly different antibody. __________shot of weakened or killed pathogens to stimulate production of antibodies. __________shot of weakened or killed pathogens to stimulate production of antibodies. Vaccine - bone marrow

20. T-Cells Three types: ____________- track down and ________ pathogens & foreign tissue ___________- ________ pathogen & send message to Killer T _____________– turns ____ the immune response Killer T Helper T Suppressor T destroy identify off

21. __________- infects, weakens, and gradually destroys the helper T cells. __________- infects, weakens, and gradually destroys the helper T cells. ____________- cells are responsible for the rejection of tissue transplants ____________- cells are responsible for the rejection of tissue transplants HIV/AIDS Killer T

22. Immune Disorders 1. Allergies- overreaction of the immune system to an antigen in the environment 2. Autoimmune Diseases- immune system makes mistakes and attacks its own cells Multiple sclerosis- attacks the myelin sheath that surrounds nerve fibers Multiple sclerosis- attacks the myelin sheath that surrounds nerve fibers Rheumatoid Arthritis- antibodies attack connective tissues around the joints Rheumatoid Arthritis- antibodies attack connective tissues around the joints Type 1 Diabetes- antibodies attack the insulin producing cells of the pancreas Type 1 Diabetes- antibodies attack the insulin producing cells of the pancreas