1. Immune System
SC.912.L Explain the basic functions of the human immune system, including specific and nonspecific immune response, vaccines, and antibiotics

2. -Students will identify and/or explain the basic functions of the human immune system, including specific and nonspecific immune responses. -Students will describe how the human immune system responds to vaccines and/or antibiotics. -Students will explain the significance of genetic factors, environmental factors, and pathogenic agents to health from the perspective of both individual and public health.

3. Pathogens and Human Illness
Germ theory states that microscopic particles cause certain diseases.
proposed by Louis Pasteur
led to rapid advances in understanding disease
Koch’s postulates support the theory.
Disease-causing agents are called pathogens

4. There are different types of pathogens.
Bacteria are single-celled organisms.
cause illness by destroying cells
release toxic chemicals
Viruses are genetic material surrounded by a protein coat.
force host cells to make more viruses
very small

5. Fungi can be multicellular or single-celled.
take nutrients from host cells
occur in warm and damp places
Protozoa are single-celled organisms.
use host cells to complete their life cycles
take nutrients from host cell
Parasites are multicellular organisms
grow and feed on a host
possibly kill the host

6. Pathogens can enter the body in different ways.
Pathogens can be transferred by direct or indirect contact.
Indirect contact does not require touching an infected individual.
touching an infected surface
breathing in infected air

7. Vectors carry a pathogen and transmit it into healthy cells.
Direct contact requires touching an infected individual. Includes:
kissing
sexual intercourse
hand shaking

8. The immune systems consists of organs, cells, and molecules that fight infections.

9. Many body systems protect you from pathogens.
The immune system is the body system that fights off infection and pathogens.
Many other tissues and systems help the immune system.
Skin is a physical barrier to infection.
Mucous membranes trap pathogens entering the body.
The circulatory system transports immune cells.

10. Cells and proteins fight the body’s infections.
White blood cells attack infections inside the body.
Phagocytes engulf and destroy pathogens.
T cells destroy infected cells.
B cells produce antibodies.
Three types of proteins fight off invading pathogens.
Complement proteins weaken pathogen membranes.
Antibodies make pathogens ineffective.
Interferons prevent viruses from infecting healthy cells.

11. Immunity prevents or limits a person from getting sick from a pathogen.
In all immunity, pathogens are destroyed before you get sick.
Passive immunity occurs without an immune response.
mother’s milk
genetics
Active immunity occurs after a specific immune response

12. The immune system has many responses to pathogens and foreign cells.
Immune Response
The immune system has many responses to pathogens and foreign cells.

13. Many body systems work to produce nonspecific responses.
Nonspecific responses are the same for every pathogen.
In inflammation, blood vessels become leaky.
white blood cells move toward infection and damaged tissue
characterized by swelling, redness, and pain

14. In fever, body temperature increases.
Low fevers stimulate white blood cells to mature.
High fevers can cause seizure, brain damage, and even death.

15. Cells of the immune system produce specific responses.
Specific immune responses begin with the detection of antigens.
Antigens are surface proteins on pathogens.
Each pathogen has a different antigen.

16. There are two specific immune responses.
Cellular immunity uses T cells to destroy infected body cells.
Humoral immunity uses B cells to produce antibodies.
Both responses produce memory cells.
specialized T and B cells
provide acquired (active) immunity

17. The immune system rejects foreign tissues.
Tissue rejection occurs in organ or tissue transplants.
Tissue rejection is the result of an immune response.
immune system detects protein markers on the donor tissue
makes antibodies against the donor’s tissue

18. Immunity and Technology
Living in a clean environment and building immunity help keep a person healthy.

19. Many methods are used to control pathogens.
Antibiotics and antiseptics cause pathogens to burst.
Antiseptics kill pathogens outside of the body.
do not target specific pathogens
examples include vinegar and soap
Antibiotics kill pathogens inside the body.
target one specific bacterium or fungus
not effective against viruses

20. Antibiotic resistance can cause medicines to become ineffective.
Some bacteria in a population have genes that make them immune to antibiotics.
These bacteria spread the gene, making the antibiotics useless.

21. Vaccines artificially produce acquired immunity.
Vaccines also control pathogens and disease.
given to prevent illness
contain the antigen of a weakened pathogen

22. Vaccination provides immunity.
stimulates a specific immune response
causes memory cells to be produced
allows immune system to respond quickly to infection

23. Overreaction of the Immune System
An overactive immune system can make the body very unhealthy.

24. Allergies occur when the immune system responds to harmless antigens.
An allergy is an response to a harmless antigen.
Allergies are caused by allergens.
Allergens are antigens that cause an allergic reaction.
Allergens cause inflammation responses.

25. There are many different allergens.
food, e.g. peanuts, milk, wheat, etc.
airborne, e.g. pollen, dust mite feces, mold, etc.
chemical, e.g. nickel, medicine, bee stings, etc.
Allergens can cause anaphylaxis.
Anaphylaxis is an extreme inflammation response.
Blood vessels and airways become too porous.
If not treated immediately, anaphylaxis can cause death.

26. In autoimmune diseases, white blood cells attack the body’s healthy cells.
Autoimmune diseases are failures of the immune system.
White blood cells cannot recognize healthy cells.
White blood cells attack healthy body cells.
Tissues fail because of attack.
There are over 60 autoimmune diseases.