1. The Immune System Three Lines of Defense

2. Immune System
Fight off disease and infection throughout the body

3. Transmission of Disease
Direct Contact – (Contagious Disease) spread from one person to another by touching an infected person
Examples – colds, STDs
Indirect Contact – requires a carrier or vector
Sneeze, infected surfaces
Ingestion – contaminated water or food
Amoebic dysentery and food poisoning (Salmonella), Botulism (canned food) – makes toxin and attacks nervous and respiratory system
Bite – vectors
Bubonic plague – spread fleas ,Malaria – mosquitoes, Lime’s disease– ticks, Rabies – dogs or squirrels

4. 3 Lines of Defense
First and second lines – fights most kinds of pathogens
Third line of defense – protects against specific pathogens

5. 1st Line of Defense
Skin is your MOST important NONSPECIFIC defense->tries to block ALL pathogens

6. 1st Line of Defense (NONSPECIFIC)
JOB – to keep ALL pathogens out of the body
Skin- unbroken skin acts like a _______ that blocks out most pathogens
Mucus – lines mouth and nose – coats opening so pathogens can be eliminated or destroyed
Tears-flush out pathogens
Sweat – the salt and acid in sweat helps prevent the growth of harmful bacteria
Stomach Acid – kills harmful pathogens that have entered the body
BARRIER

7. Name your bodies 1st line of nonspecific defense and create your own analogy to explain how it works. b. What other nonspecific defenses does your body have?
P.958

8. Amoebic dysentery Caused by parasite that eat the
Intestinal wall of its host
Caused: Contaminated food and
Water
Symptoms: Severe headache, abdominal pain, high temperature

9. 2nd Line of Defense
Inflammatory Response –reaction to tissue damage by injury of infection
Damaged tissues release histamines,= _______ flow to the area.
Histamines cause capillaries to leak, releasing phagocytes and clotting factors into the wound.
__________ engulf bacteria, dead cells, and cellular debris
Platelets move out of the capillary to seal the wounded area.
blood
Phagocytes

12. Differences
What are 2 MAIN differences between the 1st and 2nd line of defense.
What INITIALLY causes the Inflammatory (2nd line of defense) response?
What chemical is released to start the inflammatory response?
What type of immune cell comes to an open wound in skin to engulf any pathogens that do get in?

13. Third Line of Defense – Acquired Immunity
Is the body’s resistance to previously encountered pathogens
Primary Immune response – begins when the immune system encounters an new pathogen
takes five to ten days for the body to reach its maximum production of B and T cells – Kill harmful pathogens

14. 2. Secondary Immune Response -2nd time body is infected with the same pathogen – immune response is faster
3. Memory cells (both b and t cells) store information about the antigens they have encountered in the past

15. Immune Response
If pathogens make it past the first two defenses the immune response occurs.
Involves 3 major types of cells:
Nail Infection

17. brain cell
Muscle cell
stomach cell
skin cell
Antigen
pathogen

18. pathogen

19. macrophage
pathogen

20. antibody
macrophage
pathogen
B cell

21. Once antibodies stop pathogen reproduction, macrophages/T cells kill them
Killer T cell

22. Now you have immunity

23. 15. Compare and contrast nonspecific and specific defenses.
16. Describe, in detail, the relationship between an antigen and antibody.
17. Explain why you only get chickenpox once (most people) but can get the flu almost every year.

24. 1. Antibodies Protein that helps destroy pathogens
Bind and link viruses and bacteria together
Phagocytes then “eat” the pathogens
<Antigen-Any substance that triggers immune response: virus, bacteria>
Antibodies

25. 2. Phagocytes AKA White Blood Cells
Engulf pathogens and break them down
“Eat & Destroy”
Phagocyte

26. 3. Lymphocytes AKA T-Cells 2 Types:
Helper T-Cells activate Killer/Cytotoxic T-Cells
Killer/Cytotoxic T-Cells
destroy pathogens
Killer T-cell attacks and destroys a pathogen

27. 18. Describe the roles of each type of immune cell
18. Describe the roles of each type of immune cell. (antibodies, Phagocytes/macrophage, Killer(cytoxic T cells)
19. Explain what is in a vaccine and how vaccines lead to immunity.

28. How HIV is Transmitted
ANY sexual intercourse (even protected is risky)
Sharing needles
Contact with infected blood
(From infected mother to child
During pregnancy, or breast feeding)

30. HIV/AIDS Retrovirus, contains RNA
Spread only by blood and bodily fluids
Virus invades/attacks helper T-Cells
Uses T-Cells to make more HIV
T-Cells are destroyed
Loss of T-Cells= LOSS OF IMMUNITY
Mutates frequently
No vaccine or cure
Mature Human Immunodeficiency Virus
(HIV)

32. What is the relationship between HIV and AIDS?
What are 2 ways HIV CAN be spread and 2 ways it can NOT be spread?

33. Can you acquire HIV toilet seats?
Yeah, if you do some pretty unusual things with toilet seats that have been contaminated with risk body fluids (blood, semen, vaginal secretions) form an infected person, there would be some risk of infection but it would not be great. What are the chances of a person with an open sore on their buttocks sitting on a toilet seat covered with one or more of the risk fluids??