Chapter 1: The Sports Medicine Team
Sports Medicine Where Have We Been? Where Are We Now? Where Are We Going? Where Have We Been? Where Are We Now? Where Are We Going?
What Is Sports Medicine ?
Practice of Medicine Human Performance Human Performance Injury Management Injury Management Exercise Physiology Biomechanics Sport Psychology Sports Nutrition Sports Physical Therapy Athletic Training Sports Massage
The Players on the Sports Medicine Team Physicians Dentist Podiatrist Nurse Physicians Assistant Physical Therapist Athletic Trainer Massage Therapist Physicians Dentist Podiatrist Nurse Physicians Assistant Physical Therapist Athletic Trainer Massage Therapist Exercise Physiologist Biomechanist Nutritionist Sport Psychologist Coaches Strength & Conditioning Specialist Social Worker Exercise Physiologist Biomechanist Nutritionist Sport Psychologist Coaches Strength & Conditioning Specialist Social Worker
The Primary Players on the Sports Medicine Team
Historical Development of Sports Medicine Organizations International Federation of Sports Medicine (1928) American Academy of Family Physicians (1947) National Athletic Trainers Association (1950) American College of Sports Medicine (1954) American Orthopaedic Society for Sports Medicine (1972) National Strength and Conditioning Association (1978) American Academy of Pediatrics, Sports Committee (1979) Sports Physical Therapy Section of APTA (1981) NCAA Committee on Competitive Safeguards and Medical Aspects of Sports (1985) International Federation of Sports Medicine (1928) American Academy of Family Physicians (1947) National Athletic Trainers Association (1950) American College of Sports Medicine (1954) American Orthopaedic Society for Sports Medicine (1972) National Strength and Conditioning Association (1978) American Academy of Pediatrics, Sports Committee (1979) Sports Physical Therapy Section of APTA (1981) NCAA Committee on Competitive Safeguards and Medical Aspects of Sports (1985)
Historical Development of Sports Medicine Organizations International Federation of Sports Medicine (1928) American Academy of Family Physicians (1947) National Athletic Trainers Association (1950) American College of Sports Medicine (1954) American Orthopaedic Society for Sports Medicine (1972) National Strength and Conditioning Association (1978) American Academy of Pediatrics, Sports Committee (1979) Sports Physical Therapy Section of APTA (1981) NCAA Committee on Competitive Safeguards and Medical Aspects of Sports (1985) International Federation of Sports Medicine (1928) American Academy of Family Physicians (1947) National Athletic Trainers Association (1950) American College of Sports Medicine (1954) American Orthopaedic Society for Sports Medicine (1972) National Strength and Conditioning Association (1978) American Academy of Pediatrics, Sports Committee (1979) Sports Physical Therapy Section of APTA (1981) NCAA Committee on Competitive Safeguards and Medical Aspects of Sports (1985)
Historical Development of Sports Medicine Organizations International Federation of Sports Medicine (1928) American Academy of Family Physicians (1947) National Athletic Trainers Association (1950) American College of Sports Medicine (1954) American Orthopaedic Society for Sports Medicine (1972) National Strength and Conditioning Association (1978) American Academy of Pediatrics, Sports Committee (1979) Sports Physical Therapy Section of APTA (1981) NCAA Committee on Competitive Safeguards and Medical Aspects of Sports (1985) International Federation of Sports Medicine (1928) American Academy of Family Physicians (1947) National Athletic Trainers Association (1950) American College of Sports Medicine (1954) American Orthopaedic Society for Sports Medicine (1972) National Strength and Conditioning Association (1978) American Academy of Pediatrics, Sports Committee (1979) Sports Physical Therapy Section of APTA (1981) NCAA Committee on Competitive Safeguards and Medical Aspects of Sports (1985)
Historical Development of Sports Medicine Organizations International Federation of Sports Medicine (1928) American Academy of Family Physicians (1947) National Athletic Trainers Association (1950) American College of Sports Medicine (1954) American Orthopaedic Society for Sports Medicine (1972) National Strength and Conditioning Association (1978) American Academy of Pediatrics, Sports Committee (1979) Sports Physical Therapy Section of APTA (1981) NCAA Committee on Competitive Safeguards and Medical Aspects of Sports (1985) International Federation of Sports Medicine (1928) American Academy of Family Physicians (1947) National Athletic Trainers Association (1950) American College of Sports Medicine (1954) American Orthopaedic Society for Sports Medicine (1972) National Strength and Conditioning Association (1978) American Academy of Pediatrics, Sports Committee (1979) Sports Physical Therapy Section of APTA (1981) NCAA Committee on Competitive Safeguards and Medical Aspects of Sports (1985)
International Federation of Sports Medicine (FIMS) Federation Internationale de Medecine Sportive (FIMS) Principal purpose to promote the study and development of sports medicine throughout the world Made up of national sports medicine associations of over 100 countries Organization is multidisciplinary, including many disciplines that are concerned with physically active individuals Federation Internationale de Medecine Sportive (FIMS) Principal purpose to promote the study and development of sports medicine throughout the world Made up of national sports medicine associations of over 100 countries Organization is multidisciplinary, including many disciplines that are concerned with physically active individuals
American Academy of Family Physicians (AAFP) To promote and maintain high quality standards for family doctors who are providing continuing comprehensive health care to the public It is a medical association of more than 93,000 members Many team physicians are members of this organization To promote and maintain high quality standards for family doctors who are providing continuing comprehensive health care to the public It is a medical association of more than 93,000 members Many team physicians are members of this organization
American Orthopaedic Society for Sports Medicine (AOSSM) To encourage and support scientific research in orthopaedic sports medicine and to develop methods for safer, more productive and enjoyable fitness programs and sports participation Members receive specialized training in sports medicine, surgical procedures, injury prevention and rehabilitation 1,200 members are orthopaedic surgeons and allied health professionals To encourage and support scientific research in orthopaedic sports medicine and to develop methods for safer, more productive and enjoyable fitness programs and sports participation Members receive specialized training in sports medicine, surgical procedures, injury prevention and rehabilitation 1,200 members are orthopaedic surgeons and allied health professionals
National Strength and Conditioning Association (NSCA) To facilitate a professional exchange of ideas in strength development as it relates to the improvement of athletic performance and fitness and to enhance, enlighten, and advance the field of strength and conditioning 14,500 strength and conditioning coaches, personal trainers, exercise physiologists, athletic trainers, researchers, educators, sport coaches, physical therapists, business owners, exercise instructors and fitness directors Accredited certification programs – Certified Strength and Conditioning Specialist, (CSCS) – NSCA Certified Personal Trainer (NSCA-CPT) To facilitate a professional exchange of ideas in strength development as it relates to the improvement of athletic performance and fitness and to enhance, enlighten, and advance the field of strength and conditioning 14,500 strength and conditioning coaches, personal trainers, exercise physiologists, athletic trainers, researchers, educators, sport coaches, physical therapists, business owners, exercise instructors and fitness directors Accredited certification programs – Certified Strength and Conditioning Specialist, (CSCS) – NSCA Certified Personal Trainer (NSCA-CPT)
American Academy of Pediatrics, Sports Committee Dedicated to providing the general pediatrician and pediatric subspecialist with an understanding of the basic principles of sports medicine and fitness and providing a forum for the discussion of related issues To educate all physicians, especially pediatricians, about the special needs of children who participate in sports Dedicated to providing the general pediatrician and pediatric subspecialist with an understanding of the basic principles of sports medicine and fitness and providing a forum for the discussion of related issues To educate all physicians, especially pediatricians, about the special needs of children who participate in sports
NCAA Committee on Competitive Safeguards and Medical Aspects of Sports Collects and develops pertinent information regarding desirable training methods, prevention and treatment of sports injuries, and utilization of sound safety measures Disseminates information and adopts recommended policies and guidelines designed to further the above objectives Supervises drug-education and drug- testing programs Collects and develops pertinent information regarding desirable training methods, prevention and treatment of sports injuries, and utilization of sound safety measures Disseminates information and adopts recommended policies and guidelines designed to further the above objectives Supervises drug-education and drug- testing programs
American College of Sports Medicine (ACSM) Patterned after FIMS (Umbrella Organization) Interested in the study of all aspects of sports Membership composed of medical doctors, doctors of philosophy, physical educators, athletic trainers, coaches, exercise physiologists, biomechanists, and others interested in sports 18,000 members Patterned after FIMS (Umbrella Organization) Interested in the study of all aspects of sports Membership composed of medical doctors, doctors of philosophy, physical educators, athletic trainers, coaches, exercise physiologists, biomechanists, and others interested in sports 18,000 members
Sports Physical Therapy Section of APTA To provide a forum to establish collegial relations between physical therapists, physical therapist assistants, and physical therapy students interested in sports physical therapy Promotes prevention, recognition, treatment and rehabilitation of injuries in an athletic and physically active population Provides educational opportunities through sponsorship of continuing education programs and publications To provide a forum to establish collegial relations between physical therapists, physical therapist assistants, and physical therapy students interested in sports physical therapy Promotes prevention, recognition, treatment and rehabilitation of injuries in an athletic and physically active population Provides educational opportunities through sponsorship of continuing education programs and publications
Sports Physical Therapy Section of APTA Promotes the role of the sports physical therapist to other health professionals Supports research to further establish the scientific basis for sports physical therapy Offers certification as a sports physical therapist (SCS) Approximately 9,000 members Many sports physical therapists are also certified athletic trainers Promotes the role of the sports physical therapist to other health professionals Supports research to further establish the scientific basis for sports physical therapy Offers certification as a sports physical therapist (SCS) Approximately 9,000 members Many sports physical therapists are also certified athletic trainers
National Athletic Trainers Association (NATA) To enhance the quality of health care for athletes and those engaged in physical activity, and to advance the profession of athletic training through education and research in the prevention, evaluation, management and rehabilitation of injuries The NATA now has 28,000 members To enhance the quality of health care for athletes and those engaged in physical activity, and to advance the profession of athletic training through education and research in the prevention, evaluation, management and rehabilitation of injuries The NATA now has 28,000 members
AMA Recognition of Athletic Training June AMA officially recognized athletic training as an allied health profession Committee on Allied Health Education and Accreditation (CAHEA) was charged with responsibility of developing essentials and guidelines for academic programs to use in preparation of individuals for entry into profession through the Joint Review Committee on Athletic Training (JRC-AT) June AMA officially recognized athletic training as an allied health profession Committee on Allied Health Education and Accreditation (CAHEA) was charged with responsibility of developing essentials and guidelines for academic programs to use in preparation of individuals for entry into profession through the Joint Review Committee on Athletic Training (JRC-AT)
AMA Recognition of Athletic Training June 1994-CAHEA dissolved and replaced immediately by Commission on Accreditation of Allied Health Education Programs (CAAHEP) –Recognized as an accreditation agency for allied health education programs by the U.S. Department of Education Entry level college and university athletic training education programs at both undergraduate and graduate levels are now accredited by CAAHEP June 1994-CAHEA dissolved and replaced immediately by Commission on Accreditation of Allied Health Education Programs (CAAHEP) –Recognized as an accreditation agency for allied health education programs by the U.S. Department of Education Entry level college and university athletic training education programs at both undergraduate and graduate levels are now accredited by CAAHEP
AMA Recognition of Athletic Training Effects of CAAHEP accreditation are not limited to educational aspects In the future, this recognition may potentially affect regulatory legislation, the practice of athletic training in nontraditional settings, and insurance considerations Recognition will continue to be a positive step in the development of the athletic training profession Effects of CAAHEP accreditation are not limited to educational aspects In the future, this recognition may potentially affect regulatory legislation, the practice of athletic training in nontraditional settings, and insurance considerations Recognition will continue to be a positive step in the development of the athletic training profession
National Athletic Trainers Association Board of Certification (NATABOC) In 1999 the NATABOC completed the latest Role Delineation Study, which redefined the profession of athletic training Study designed to examine the primary tasks performed by the entry level athletic trainer and the knowledge and skills required to perform each task In 1999 the NATABOC completed the latest Role Delineation Study, which redefined the profession of athletic training Study designed to examine the primary tasks performed by the entry level athletic trainer and the knowledge and skills required to perform each task
Role Delineation Study Performance Domains Prevention of athletic injuries Recognition, evaluation and assessment of injuries Immediate care of injuries Treatment, rehabilitation and reconditioning of athletic injuries Health care administration Professional development and responsibility Prevention of athletic injuries Recognition, evaluation and assessment of injuries Immediate care of injuries Treatment, rehabilitation and reconditioning of athletic injuries Health care administration Professional development and responsibility
Education Council In 1998 the Education Council was established to dictate the course of the educational preparation for the student athletic trainer Focus has shifted to competency based education at the entry level Education Council has significantly expanded and reorganized the clinical competencies and proficiencies In 1998 the Education Council was established to dictate the course of the educational preparation for the student athletic trainer Focus has shifted to competency based education at the entry level Education Council has significantly expanded and reorganized the clinical competencies and proficiencies
Athletic Training Educational Competencies (1999) Twelve Content Areas –Acute care of injury and illness –Assessment and evaluation –General medical conditions and disabilities –Health care administration –Nutritional aspects of injury and illnesses –Pathology of illness and injuries Twelve Content Areas –Acute care of injury and illness –Assessment and evaluation –General medical conditions and disabilities –Health care administration –Nutritional aspects of injury and illnesses –Pathology of illness and injuries
Athletic Training Educational Competencies (1999) –Pharmacological aspects of injury and illnesses –Professional development and responsibility –Psychosocial intervention and referral –Risk management and injury prevention –Therapeutic exercise –Therapeutic modalities –Pharmacological aspects of injury and illnesses –Professional development and responsibility –Psychosocial intervention and referral –Risk management and injury prevention –Therapeutic exercise –Therapeutic modalities
NATABOC vs. Education Council The NATABOC defines the minimum knowledge base that an entry level athletic trainer should possess to be able to work in the profession while the Education Council was charged with determining the competencies that should be taught in accredited educational programs There is overlap between Performance Domains and Competencies The NATABOC defines the minimum knowledge base that an entry level athletic trainer should possess to be able to work in the profession while the Education Council was charged with determining the competencies that should be taught in accredited educational programs There is overlap between Performance Domains and Competencies
Certification Requirements Candidates for certification must meet NATABOC established requirements For students graduating in 2003 and beyond, NATABOC no longer requires clinical hours CAAHEP accredited programs must develop and implement a clinical instruction plan according to 2001 Standards and Guidelines to ensure that students meet all AT educational competencies and clinical proficiencies in academic courses with measurable outcomes Candidates for certification must meet NATABOC established requirements For students graduating in 2003 and beyond, NATABOC no longer requires clinical hours CAAHEP accredited programs must develop and implement a clinical instruction plan according to 2001 Standards and Guidelines to ensure that students meet all AT educational competencies and clinical proficiencies in academic courses with measurable outcomes
Certification Requirements Accreditation process will be concerned with the quality of experiences and student outcomes and knowledge rather the number of hours accrued As of January, 2004 the internship route to certification will no longer be accepted All candidates for certification will have to meet CAAHEP requirements Successful completion of all parts of the certification exam will earn the credential of ATC Accreditation process will be concerned with the quality of experiences and student outcomes and knowledge rather the number of hours accrued As of January, 2004 the internship route to certification will no longer be accepted All candidates for certification will have to meet CAAHEP requirements Successful completion of all parts of the certification exam will earn the credential of ATC
CAAHEP Accredited Programs Currently 134 institutions offer entry level athletic training education programs accredited by CAAHEP 174 are in the process of seeking CAAHEP accreditation 13 graduate programs in athletic training approved by the Education Council Post- Certification Graduate Education Committee Currently 134 institutions offer entry level athletic training education programs accredited by CAAHEP 174 are in the process of seeking CAAHEP accreditation 13 graduate programs in athletic training approved by the Education Council Post- Certification Graduate Education Committee
Employment Settings for Athletic Trainers Secondary Schools –1995 NATA adopted a position statement supporting hiring athletic trainers in secondary schools –1998 AMA adopted policy calling for ATC’s to be employed in all high school athletic programs –~ 30,000 public high schools in U.S. –Between 20-25% of high schools have ATC’s School Districts –ATC floats between several schools in same district Secondary Schools –1995 NATA adopted a position statement supporting hiring athletic trainers in secondary schools –1998 AMA adopted policy calling for ATC’s to be employed in all high school athletic programs –~ 30,000 public high schools in U.S. –Between 20-25% of high schools have ATC’s School Districts –ATC floats between several schools in same district
Employment Settings for Athletic Trainers College and Universities –Number of ATC’s varies considerably –Extent of coverage varies –2000 Task Force published Recommendations and Guidelines for Appropriate Medical Coverage for Intercollegiate Athletics Based on a mathematical model created by a number of variables Professional Teams –~ 5% of employed ATC’s College and Universities –Number of ATC’s varies considerably –Extent of coverage varies –2000 Task Force published Recommendations and Guidelines for Appropriate Medical Coverage for Intercollegiate Athletics Based on a mathematical model created by a number of variables Professional Teams –~ 5% of employed ATC’s
Employment Settings for Athletic Trainers Sports Medicine Clinics –The largest % of employed ATC’s found in this setting –Work in the clinic in AM and in high school in PM Industrial and Corporate Settings –ATC’s oversee fitness, injury rehabilitation, and work-hardening programs –Understanding of workplace ergonomics is essential Sports Medicine Clinics –The largest % of employed ATC’s found in this setting –Work in the clinic in AM and in high school in PM Industrial and Corporate Settings –ATC’s oversee fitness, injury rehabilitation, and work-hardening programs –Understanding of workplace ergonomics is essential
State Regulation of the Athletic Trainer During the early-1970s NATA realized the necessity of obtaining some type of official recognition by other medical allied health organizations of the athletic trainer as a health care professional Laws and statutes specifically governing the practice of athletic training were nonexistent in virtually every state During the early-1970s NATA realized the necessity of obtaining some type of official recognition by other medical allied health organizations of the athletic trainer as a health care professional Laws and statutes specifically governing the practice of athletic training were nonexistent in virtually every state
State Regulation of the Athletic Trainer Athletic trainers in many individual states organized efforts to secure recognition by seeking some type of regulation of the athletic trainer by state licensing agencies To date 40 of the 50 states have enacted some type of regulatory statute governing the practice of athletic training Rules and regulations governing the practice of athletic training vary tremendously from state to state Athletic trainers in many individual states organized efforts to secure recognition by seeking some type of regulation of the athletic trainer by state licensing agencies To date 40 of the 50 states have enacted some type of regulatory statute governing the practice of athletic training Rules and regulations governing the practice of athletic training vary tremendously from state to state
State Regulation of the Athletic Trainer Regulation may be in the form of: –Licensure Limits practice of athletic training to those who have met minimal requirements established by a state licensing board Limits the number of individuals who can perform functions related to athletic training as dictated by the practice act Most restrictive of all forms of regulation Regulation may be in the form of: –Licensure Limits practice of athletic training to those who have met minimal requirements established by a state licensing board Limits the number of individuals who can perform functions related to athletic training as dictated by the practice act Most restrictive of all forms of regulation
State Regulation of the Athletic Trainer –Certification Does not restrict using the title of athletic trainer to those certified by the state Can restrict performance of athletic training functions to only those individuals who are certified –Registration Before an individual can practice athletic training he or she must register in that state Individual has paid a fee for being placed on an existing list of practitioners but says nothing about competency –Certification Does not restrict using the title of athletic trainer to those certified by the state Can restrict performance of athletic training functions to only those individuals who are certified –Registration Before an individual can practice athletic training he or she must register in that state Individual has paid a fee for being placed on an existing list of practitioners but says nothing about competency
State Regulation of the Athletic Trainer –Exemption State recognizes that an athletic trainer performs similar functions to other licensed professions(e.g. physical therapy), yet still allows them to practice athletic training despite the fact that they do not comply with the practice acts of other regulated professions Legislation regulating the practice of athletic training has been positive and to some extent protects the athletic trainer from litigation –Exemption State recognizes that an athletic trainer performs similar functions to other licensed professions(e.g. physical therapy), yet still allows them to practice athletic training despite the fact that they do not comply with the practice acts of other regulated professions Legislation regulating the practice of athletic training has been positive and to some extent protects the athletic trainer from litigation
List of Regulated States Alabama (L)Kansas (R) North Carolina (L) Arkansas (L) Kentucky (C) North Dakota (L) Arizona (E)Louisiana (C) Ohio (L) Colorado (E)Massachusetts (L) Oklahoma (L) Connecticut (E)Maine (L) Oregon (R) Delaware (L)Minnesota (R) Pennsylvania (C) Florida (L)Mississippi (L) Rhode Island (L) Georgia (L)Missouri (R)South Carolina (C) Hawaii (E)Nebraska (L) South Dakota (L) Idaho (R)New Hampshire (C) Tennessee (C) Illinois (L)New Jersey (R) Texas (L) Indiana (L)New Mexico (L) Vermont (C) Iowa (L)New York (C) Virginia (C) Wisconsin (C) Alabama (L)Kansas (R) North Carolina (L) Arkansas (L) Kentucky (C) North Dakota (L) Arizona (E)Louisiana (C) Ohio (L) Colorado (E)Massachusetts (L) Oklahoma (L) Connecticut (E)Maine (L) Oregon (R) Delaware (L)Minnesota (R) Pennsylvania (C) Florida (L)Mississippi (L) Rhode Island (L) Georgia (L)Missouri (R)South Carolina (C) Hawaii (E)Nebraska (L) South Dakota (L) Idaho (R)New Hampshire (C) Tennessee (C) Illinois (L)New Jersey (R) Texas (L) Indiana (L)New Mexico (L) Vermont (C) Iowa (L)New York (C) Virginia (C) Wisconsin (C)
Reimbursement for Athletic Training Services During the past 40 years the insurance industry has undergone a significant evolutionary process Health care reform initiated in the 1990’s has focused on the concept of managed care in which costs of a health care providers medical care are closely monitored and scrutinized by insurance carriers Managed care involves a prearranged system for delivering health care that is designed to control cost while continuing to provide quality care During the past 40 years the insurance industry has undergone a significant evolutionary process Health care reform initiated in the 1990’s has focused on the concept of managed care in which costs of a health care providers medical care are closely monitored and scrutinized by insurance carriers Managed care involves a prearranged system for delivering health care that is designed to control cost while continuing to provide quality care
Reimbursement for Athletic Training Services Third-party reimbursement - primary mechanism of payment for medical services in the United States Health care professionals are reimbursed by the policy holder's insurance company for services performed To cut pay-out costs, many insurance companies limit where and how often an individual can go for care and what services will be paid for Third-party reimbursement - primary mechanism of payment for medical services in the United States Health care professionals are reimbursed by the policy holder's insurance company for services performed To cut pay-out costs, many insurance companies limit where and how often an individual can go for care and what services will be paid for
Reimbursement for Athletic Training Services Unless ATC is also a licensed physical therapist, it is difficult to obtain third-party reimbursement for health care services provided State regulation of the ATC has, to date, helped little with obtaining reimbursement In general, insurance companies have not been willing to cover services provided by the ATC Securing third-party reimbursement must be a priority, especially for the clinical ATC Unless ATC is also a licensed physical therapist, it is difficult to obtain third-party reimbursement for health care services provided State regulation of the ATC has, to date, helped little with obtaining reimbursement In general, insurance companies have not been willing to cover services provided by the ATC Securing third-party reimbursement must be a priority, especially for the clinical ATC
Reimbursement for Athletic Training Services NATA established Reimbursement Advisory Group to monitor managed care changes and to help ATC secure a place as a health care provider NATA initiated the Athletic Training Outcomes Assessment project designed to present supporting data to measure results of interventions which involve athletic training procedures NATA established Reimbursement Advisory Group to monitor managed care changes and to help ATC secure a place as a health care provider NATA initiated the Athletic Training Outcomes Assessment project designed to present supporting data to measure results of interventions which involve athletic training procedures
Reimbursement for Athletic Training Services Athletic Trainers must bill insurance companies according to the Current Procedural Terminology (CPT) codes published by AMA In 1999, the American Hospital Association approved a new uniform billing code (UB Code) to be used specifically for provide athletic training services Athletic Trainers must bill insurance companies according to the Current Procedural Terminology (CPT) codes published by AMA In 1999, the American Hospital Association approved a new uniform billing code (UB Code) to be used specifically for provide athletic training services
Athletic Trainer vs. Physical Therapist Wars It is not unusual to find a physical therapist interested in sports and athletics working toward certification as an athletic trainer A certified athletic trainer interested in working with patients outside of the athletic population may work toward licensure as a physical therapist It is not unusual to find a physical therapist interested in sports and athletics working toward certification as an athletic trainer A certified athletic trainer interested in working with patients outside of the athletic population may work toward licensure as a physical therapist
Athletic Trainer vs. Physical Therapist Wars Historically, the relationship between athletic trainers and physical therapists has been less than cooperative –There has been failure to clarify the roles of each group in injury rehabilitation Academic preparation is similar Individual who holds a dual credential is more marketable Historically, the relationship between athletic trainers and physical therapists has been less than cooperative –There has been failure to clarify the roles of each group in injury rehabilitation Academic preparation is similar Individual who holds a dual credential is more marketable
Future Directions Increase effort to enhance visibility –By making themselves available for local and community meetings to discuss athletic health care –Through research efforts and scholarly publication Continue reorganize and refine educational programs for student athletic trainers Continue to seek and strengthen state regulation of the practice of athletic training Increase effort to enhance visibility –By making themselves available for local and community meetings to discuss athletic health care –Through research efforts and scholarly publication Continue reorganize and refine educational programs for student athletic trainers Continue to seek and strengthen state regulation of the practice of athletic training
Future Directions Increase efforts to create job opportunities particularly in secondary schools, colleges and universities, and corporate and industrial settings Increase effort in seeking third-party reimbursement for services provided Continue efforts in injury prevention and in providing appropriate, high-quality health care Increase efforts to create job opportunities particularly in secondary schools, colleges and universities, and corporate and industrial settings Increase effort in seeking third-party reimbursement for services provided Continue efforts in injury prevention and in providing appropriate, high-quality health care