Bioinformatics Gene Introduction 2 2003 Oct NTUST.

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Presentation transcript:

Bioinformatics Gene Introduction Oct NTUST

Key Organic Molecules Are Used By Living Systems  Many Components of Biochemical Macromoleculaes Can Be Produced in Simple Prebiotic Reactions ~1 billions years after Earth ’ s formation, life appeared. The Urey-Miller experiment. 1950, Stanley Miller and Harold Urey

Products of Prebiotic Synthesis  Amino Acids Produced in the Urey-Miller experiment.

Prebiotic Synthesis of a Nucleic Acid Component  Adenine can be generated by the condensation of HCN.

Genetic Material  A nucleotide contains : A five-carbon sugar molecules One or more phosphate groups A nitrogenous base

Ribose and Deoxyribose

Backbone of DNA and RNA

Purines and Pyrimidines

Watson-Crick base pairs

X-ray Diffraction Photography of a Hydrated DNA Fiber

Watson-Crick Model of Double Helical DNA

The Double Helix

DNA  RNA  Protein

Complementarity Between mRNA and DNA

Promoter Sites for Transcription- Prokaryotic Genes

Promoter Sites for Transcription- Eukaryotic Genes

RNA Template-directed Polypeptide Synthesis Links the RNA and Protein Worlds (I) I

RNA Template-directed Polypeptide Synthesis Links the RNA and Protein Worlds (II) II III

Attachment of a Amino Acid to a tRNA Molecule

Symbolic Diagram of an Aminoacyl- tRNA

The Features of the Genetic Code  Three nucleotides encode an amino acid  The code is nonoverlapping  The code has no punctuation  The genetic code is degenerate

The code is nonoverlapping

The code has no punctuation

The genetic code is degenerate

Initiation of Protein Synthesis- Prokaryotes

Initiation of Protein Synthesis- Eukaryotes

Transcription and Processing of beta-globin Gene

Consensus Sequence for the Splicing of mRNA Precursors

Bioinformatics Evolution

Structural Similarity Often Follow Functional Similarity

Angiogenin is Highly Similar to Ribonuclease

Two Classes of Homologs

Amino Acid Sequences

Alignment with Gap Insertion

The Generation of a Shuffled* Sequence * Randomly rearranged

Statistical Comparison of Alignment Scores

A Graphic View of the Blosum-62 Substitution Matrix

Alignment with Conservative Substitutions Noted

The odds: 1/20 The odds: 1/300

Alignment of Myoglobin and Leghemoglobin 23% identical

Database Can Be Searched to Identify Homologous Sequences database

Tertiary Structure Is More Conserved Than Primary Structure

The Structures of Actin and Hsp-70 Heat Shock Protein 70: assists protein folding Cytoskeleton

Convergent Evolution of Protease Active Site

Structures of Chymotrypsin and Subtilisin

Evolutionary Trees Can Be Constructed On the Basis of Sequence Information

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