1 Introduction to Sustainable Energy Technologies

2 Primary Energy Overview BP website (BP.com)BP.com

3 Global Energy Sources 2002 Boyle, Renewable Energy, Oxford University Press (2004)

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5 World primary energy consumption BP website (BP.com)BP.com

6 Regional primary consumption 2004 BP website (BP.com)BP.com

7 Fossil Fuel R/P Ratios – 2004 BP website (BP.com)BP.com

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10 Primary energy consumed per capita BP website (BP.com)BP.com

11 Oil & Gas Production Forecasts Boyle, Renewable Energy, Oxford University Press (2004)

12 Non-conventional oil Non-conventional oil is oil produced or extracted using techniques other than the traditional oil well method. Currently, non-conventional oil production is less efficient and some types have a larger environmental impact relative to conventional oil production. Non-conventional types of production include: tar sands, heavy oil, oil shale, biofuels, thermal depolymerization (TDP) of organic matter, and the conversion of coal or natural gas to liquid hydrocarbons through processes such as Fischer- Tropsch synthesis. These non-conventional sources of oil may be increasingly relied upon as fuel for transportation when conventional oil becomes "economically non-viable" due to depletion. Conventional sources of oil are currently preferred because they provide a much higher ratio of extracted energy over energy used in extraction and refining processes. Technology, such as using steam injection in tar sands deposits, is being developed to increase the efficiency of non-conventional oil production.oiloil welltar sandsheavy oiloil shalebiofuelsthermal depolymerizationcoalnatural gashydrocarbonsFischer- Tropsch synthesis depletion

13 Sources of New Energy Boyle, Renewable Energy, Oxford University Press (2004)

14 Oil Overview BP website (BP.com)BP.com

15 Oil consumption by area BP website (BP.com)BP.com

16 Oil consumption per capita BP website (BP.com)BP.com

17 Oil production by area BP website (BP.com)BP.com

18 Major oil trade movements BP website (BP.com)BP.com

19 Proved Oil Reserves at end 2004 BP website (BP.com)BP.com

20 Oil reserves-to-production ratios BP website (BP.com)BP.com

21 Coal Overview BP website (BP.com)BP.com

22 Proved coal reserves at end 2004 BP website (BP.com)BP.com

23 Coal production - Coal consumption BP website (BP.com)BP.com

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26 Natural Gas Overview BP website (BP.com)BP.com

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29 Proved natural gas reserves 2004 BP website (BP.com)BP.com

30 Natural gas production by area BP website (BP.com)BP.com

31 Natural gas R/P ratios BP website (BP.com)BP.com

32 Natural gas consumption by area BP website (BP.com)BP.com

33 Natural gas consumption per capita BP website (BP.com)BP.com

34 Major natural gas trade movements BP website (BP.com)BP.com

35 Hydroelectricity Overview BP website (BP.com)BP.com

36 Hydroelectricity consumption by area BP website (BP.com)BP.com

37 Nuclear Energy Overview BP website (BP.com)BP.com

38 Nuclear energy consumption by area BP website (BP.com)BP.com

39 Renewable and Sustainable Energy BP website (BP.com)BP.com

40 Global Energy Sources 2002 Boyle, Renewable Energy, Oxford University Press (2004)

41 Renewable Energy Use – 2001 Boyle, Renewable Energy, Oxford University Press (2004)

42 Reasons for Renewable Energy Declining Fossil Fuel Supplies Environmental Concerns  Global warming Political Concerns Increasing Cost of Fossil Fuels Business Opportunities Other Reasons BP website (BP.com)BP.com

43 Declining Fossil Fuel Supplies Boyle, Renewable Energy, Oxford University Press (2004)

44 Global Warming Wikipedia.orgWikipedia.org, Climate Change, Global Warming articles

45 World Population Growth Wikipedia.orgWikipedia.org, Climate Change, Global Warming articles

46 Carbon Dioxide Concentrations Wikipedia.orgWikipedia.org, Climate Change, Global Warming articles

47 Global Fossil Carbon Emissions Wikipedia.orgWikipedia.org, Climate Change, Global Warming articles

48 Annual Carbon Emissions by Region Wikipedia.orgWikipedia.org, Climate Change, Global Warming articles

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51 CO2 Emissions by Country Wikipedia.orgWikipedia.org, Climate Change, Global Warming articles

52 Carbon Dioxide and Global Warming Wikipedia.orgWikipedia.org, Climate Change, Global Warming articles

53 Global Temperatures Wikipedia.orgWikipedia.org, Climate Change, Global Warming articles

54 Trends in Greenhouse Gasses Wikipedia.orgWikipedia.org, Climate Change, Global Warming articles

55 The Greenhouse Effect To maintain the Earth's temperature, energy reaching the Earth from the sun must equal energy radiated back out from the Earth. As with incoming radiation, the atmosphere interferes with outgoing radiation. Water vapour absorbs strongly in the 4-7 mm wavelength band and carbon dioxide in the mm wavelength band. Most outgoing radiation (70%) escapes in the "window" between 7-13 mm. If we had no atmosphere, as on the moon, the average temperature on the Earth's surface would be about -18°C. However, a natural background level of 270 ppm CO2 in the atmosphere causes the Earth's temperature to be about 15°C on average, 33°C above the moon's. Human activities are increasingly releasing "anthropogenic gases" into the atmosphere, which absorb in the 7-13 mm wavelength range, particularly carbon dioxide, methane, ozone, nitrous oxides and chlorofluorocarbons (CFC's). These gases are preventing the normal escape of energy and are expected to lead to an increase in terrestrial temperature. Present evidence suggests "effective" CO2 levels will double by 2030, causing global warming of 1~4°C. This would lead to changes in wind patterns and rainfall, with the possible drying out of the interior of continents and oceans rising by as much as 30 cm. Further increases in the release of anthropogenic gases will, of course, cause more severe effects

56 Correlation of the rise in atmospheric carbon dioxide concentration (blue line) with the rise in average temperature (red line).

57 A schematic representation of the exchanges of energy between outer space, the Earth's atmosphere, and the Earth surface. The ability of the atmosphere to capture and recycle energy emitted by the Earth surface is the defining characteristic of the greenhouse effect.outer spaceEarth's atmosphere

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60 Volatile Oil Prices (Rotterdam) BP website (BP.com)BP.com

61 AEO 2007 Oil Price Paths Low Sulfur, Light Crude Source: AEO2007 Figure 10

62 Crude oil prices since 1861 BP website (BP.com)BP.com

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65 Sustainable Energy in SYST 6820 Renewable  Hydro Power  Wind Energy  Oceanic Energy  Solar Power  Geothermal  Biomass

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