The Inclusive Classroom: Strategies for Effective Differentiated Instruction By Margo A. Mastropieri Thomas E. Scruggs Blanche Jackson Glimps, Contributor The Inclusive Classroom: Strategies for Effective Differentiated Instruction, 5th ed., Margo A. Mastropieri, Thomas E. Scruggs, ISBN 0132659859 © 2014, 2010, 2007, 2004, 2000 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

Assessment Chapter 13 The Inclusive Classroom: Strategies for Effective Differentiated Instruction, 5th ed., Margo A. Mastropieri, Thomas E. Scruggs, ISBN 0132659859 © 2014, 2010, 2007, 2004, 2000 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

Objectives Describe the use of norm-referenced tests, competency-based assessments, teacher-made tests, and criterion-referenced tests in inclusive settings. Identify and implement strategies to modify test formats to meet the needs of students with disabilities. Compare and contrast curriculum-based measurement, performance assessment, and portfolio assessment and their applications for students with special needs. Describe specific test-taking strategies for taking standardized tests, and how these strategies can be taught. Design and implement strategies for taking teacher-made tests. Identify procedures and rationales for modifying grading and scoring of tests for students with special needs. The Inclusive Classroom: Strategies for Effective Differentiated Instruction, 5th ed., Margo A. Mastropieri, Thomas E. Scruggs, ISBN 0132659859 © 2014, 2010, 2007, 2004, 2000 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

Tests Provide information relevant to placement, instruction, and future career decisions Used increasingly to evaluate performance of schools Curriculum-based measurement has increasingly been recommended tor use in RTI programming In order to be used effectively, teachers must: Be aware of different types of tests Purposes they serve How they can be used How to interpret The Inclusive Classroom: Strategies for Effective Differentiated Instruction, 5th ed., Margo A. Mastropieri, Thomas E. Scruggs, ISBN 0132659859 © 2014, 2010, 2007, 2004, 2000 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

Testing Terms Standardized Summative Formative Reliability Validity All students take the test under the same conditions with the same administration Summative Refers to tests given at the end of a particular educational period Formative Test at frequent intervals so student progress can be evaluated Reliability Test consistently measures what it says it measures Validity Extent to which test measures what it is intended to measure The Inclusive Classroom: Strategies for Effective Differentiated Instruction, 5th ed., Margo A. Mastropieri, Thomas E. Scruggs, ISBN 0132659859 © 2014, 2010, 2007, 2004, 2000 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

Types of Tests Norm-referenced Criterion-referenced Student performance is compared with performance of other students Criterion-referenced Performance is compared to specific, specified criteria Curriculum-based assessment Procedures to evaluate student performance in relation to school curriculum Curriculum-based measurement Formative in nature characterized by frequent, direct measurements of critical school behaviors Performance Requires students to construct responses on real world tasks Portfolio Consists of student products collected over time The Inclusive Classroom: Strategies for Effective Differentiated Instruction, 5th ed., Margo A. Mastropieri, Thomas E. Scruggs, ISBN 0132659859 © 2014, 2010, 2007, 2004, 2000 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

Administering Norm-Referenced Tests Students with special needs may exhibit difficulties that limit reliability and validity of scores Problems for students may include language or communication style, length of testing, attention difficulties, reading difficulties Students with disabilities may not be in the test’s standardization sample Some tests may not be fair to students from some cultural backgrounds Substantive deviations from standard administration procedures limits usefulness of test The Inclusive Classroom: Strategies for Effective Differentiated Instruction, 5th ed., Margo A. Mastropieri, Thomas E. Scruggs, ISBN 0132659859 © 2014, 2010, 2007, 2004, 2000 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

Test Modifications Simplifying language/directions Teaching test taking skills Preparing with practice tests Altering timing/schedule of test Extending time limits Spreading test over several shorter time sessions Changing the setting Testing individually Altering test presentation Simplifying language/directions Providing prompts and feedback Allowing teacher to read tests and turn pages Proving assistive technology. audiotaped, large-print, or Braille Changing response format Allowing circling vs. filling in bubbles The Inclusive Classroom: Strategies for Effective Differentiated Instruction, 5th ed., Margo A. Mastropieri, Thomas E. Scruggs, ISBN 0132659859 © 2014, 2010, 2007, 2004, 2000 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

Administration Strategies Use individually administered tests Teach test-taking skills Increase motivation Improve examiner familiarity Request modifications for college entrance exams such as Small group or private room Extended time Large type Alternative test form with accommodations noted on IEP Reader or recorder Magnifying glass or 4 function calculator The Inclusive Classroom: Strategies for Effective Differentiated Instruction, 5th ed., Margo A. Mastropieri, Thomas E. Scruggs, ISBN 0132659859 © 2014, 2010, 2007, 2004, 2000 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

Competency-Based and Statewide Assessment Statewide competency testing helped develop common standards for educational attainment and established educational accountability Allowing adaptations for special needs while maintaining standardization is important Done through consultation with test developers or educational agencies IDEA requires individual student IEPs to provide testing accommodations for state, district, and teacher-made tests The Inclusive Classroom: Strategies for Effective Differentiated Instruction, 5th ed., Margo A. Mastropieri, Thomas E. Scruggs, ISBN 0132659859 © 2014, 2010, 2007, 2004, 2000 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

Test Accommodations Accommodations better allow some students to demonstrate what they know Should not change the nature of the test Focus is now on the test validity of the accommodation State policy determines accommodations Recent policies support the use of Technology Extended time limit in appropriate cases Less state consensus on the use of Calculators Reading questions aloud Spell checkers The Inclusive Classroom: Strategies for Effective Differentiated Instruction, 5th ed., Margo A. Mastropieri, Thomas E. Scruggs, ISBN 0132659859 © 2014, 2010, 2007, 2004, 2000 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

Linguistically Based Accommodations Familiar language Repeating directions Teaching the language of testing Translating tests Allowing responses in different languages or dialects Providing translators Bilingual materials The Inclusive Classroom: Strategies for Effective Differentiated Instruction, 5th ed., Margo A. Mastropieri, Thomas E. Scruggs, ISBN 0132659859 © 2014, 2010, 2007, 2004, 2000 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

Alternate Assessments When standard statewide assessments are not appropriate for students with disabilities, it may be possible to arrange for alternate assessment based on alternate standards All states have developed alternate assessments States can also develop alternate assessments based upon modified achievement standards for students unlikely to meet grade-level proficiency within the IEP year To date, few states have developed these assessments The Inclusive Classroom: Strategies for Effective Differentiated Instruction, 5th ed., Margo A. Mastropieri, Thomas E. Scruggs, ISBN 0132659859 © 2014, 2010, 2007, 2004, 2000 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

Modifications on GED Tests Tests of General Educational Development (GED) are intended to evaluate the knowledge and skills acquired from a 4 year high school program, but acquired in a different manner Modifications include Audiocassette edition Large print version Calculators Extended time Frequent breaks Use of a private testing room The Inclusive Classroom: Strategies for Effective Differentiated Instruction, 5th ed., Margo A. Mastropieri, Thomas E. Scruggs, ISBN 0132659859 © 2014, 2010, 2007, 2004, 2000 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

Classroom Tests Classroom test scores represent a significant component of student grades Helping students be successful in dealing with the challenges of testing is critical to promoting student success Be careful to ensure that modifications are having the desired effect of accommodating the student’s disability The Inclusive Classroom: Strategies for Effective Differentiated Instruction, 5th ed., Margo A. Mastropieri, Thomas E. Scruggs, ISBN 0132659859 © 2014, 2010, 2007, 2004, 2000 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

Modify Test Formats Prepare typewritten rather than handwritten tests Space items to reduce interference Provide space for students to respond on test Provide items in predicable hierarchy Administer more tests with fewer items, rather than fewer, longer tests Adjust reading level of items or provide reading assistance when not testing reading The Inclusive Classroom: Strategies for Effective Differentiated Instruction, 5th ed., Margo A. Mastropieri, Thomas E. Scruggs, ISBN 0132659859 © 2014, 2010, 2007, 2004, 2000 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

Modify Test Formats (cont.) Define unfamiliar or abstract words if meaning is not being tested Provide models of correctly answered items Change the test setting for students with special needs Allow more time for test completion for specific students Allow students to dictate responses or to use communicate boards in responding The Inclusive Classroom: Strategies for Effective Differentiated Instruction, 5th ed., Margo A. Mastropieri, Thomas E. Scruggs, ISBN 0132659859 © 2014, 2010, 2007, 2004, 2000 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

Modify Specific Formats True-false items Write out words true and false Avoid double negatives Multiple-choice tests Reduce number of options Limit number of confusing options like (a) and (b) but not (c) Matching Reduce number of overall items and place list on one page Short-answer Provide choice of answers for student to circle rather than fill in the blank Essay Describe what you want to see in the essay The Inclusive Classroom: Strategies for Effective Differentiated Instruction, 5th ed., Margo A. Mastropieri, Thomas E. Scruggs, ISBN 0132659859 © 2014, 2010, 2007, 2004, 2000 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

Modify Scoring Procedures For students who have spelling and grammar difficulty, it is probably unnecessary to penalize them if they are doing all they can to improve Consider grading on spelling, grammar, and neatness separately from actual mastery of the content, and ascribing less weight to these areas Reconsider giving partial credit for answers that are incorrect, but demonstrate some knowledge of the content covered The Inclusive Classroom: Strategies for Effective Differentiated Instruction, 5th ed., Margo A. Mastropieri, Thomas E. Scruggs, ISBN 0132659859 © 2014, 2010, 2007, 2004, 2000 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

Curriculum-Based Measurement Developed to document student progress through the curriculum Standardized set of procedures for administration Includes sampling test items from classroom curricula, administering under same conditions, summarizing test information, and using information in instructional decision Focus on a long-term curricular goal, often by the end of the year Test domain remains constant from beginning of year to end The Inclusive Classroom: Strategies for Effective Differentiated Instruction, 5th ed., Margo A. Mastropieri, Thomas E. Scruggs, ISBN 0132659859 © 2014, 2010, 2007, 2004, 2000 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

Apply CBM to Monitor Learning Progress Visual representation of data for individuals or groups Use of data for instructional decisions Repeated measure of student progress Recommended for use in RTI programs Response to instruction measured formatively as a guide to evaluation or summatively as an aid to placement decisions The Inclusive Classroom: Strategies for Effective Differentiated Instruction, 5th ed., Margo A. Mastropieri, Thomas E. Scruggs, ISBN 0132659859 © 2014, 2010, 2007, 2004, 2000 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

Performance Assessment Addresses students’ ability to interact appropriately with instructional materials and the content of instruction Relies on students’ demonstration of understanding Elements of portfolio assessment include: Defined purpose A task to elicit the performance A prompt for a response that focuses the examinee’s performance A systematic way of evaluating the performance The Inclusive Classroom: Strategies for Effective Differentiated Instruction, 5th ed., Margo A. Mastropieri, Thomas E. Scruggs, ISBN 0132659859 © 2014, 2010, 2007, 2004, 2000 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

Key Elements of Performance Assessments Students construct their own responses Teachers can observe student performance on tasks reflecting real-world or authentic requirements Student responses can reveal patterns in students’ thinking and learning The Inclusive Classroom: Strategies for Effective Differentiated Instruction, 5th ed., Margo A. Mastropieri, Thomas E. Scruggs, ISBN 0132659859 © 2014, 2010, 2007, 2004, 2000 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

Implement and Adapt Performance Assessment Determine what you want students to be able to do after instruction and state as a behavioral objective Set up materials and provide opportunity for student to perform on the test Score by using a rubric that lists test items and scoring criteria Can be holistic or analytic The Inclusive Classroom: Strategies for Effective Differentiated Instruction, 5th ed., Margo A. Mastropieri, Thomas E. Scruggs, ISBN 0132659859 © 2014, 2010, 2007, 2004, 2000 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

Portfolio Assessment A systematic and organized collection of evidence used by the teacher and student to monitor growth of the student’s knowledge, skills, and attitudes Collect and organize relevant products to document performance and progress in areas of behavior and academic functioning Can be collected and stored electronically Can be tailored to specific needs of the classroom, student, or curriculum The Inclusive Classroom: Strategies for Effective Differentiated Instruction, 5th ed., Margo A. Mastropieri, Thomas E. Scruggs, ISBN 0132659859 © 2014, 2010, 2007, 2004, 2000 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

Adapt Portfolio Assessment Used to document the performance of students referred to special education Used in developing alternate assessments Useful in situations where more traditional tests may not be appropriate Enhanced portfolio and performance assessments used to document adapted grade level content standards for statewide testing for students with significant cognitive disabilities Consult individual states for specific procedures The Inclusive Classroom: Strategies for Effective Differentiated Instruction, 5th ed., Margo A. Mastropieri, Thomas E. Scruggs, ISBN 0132659859 © 2014, 2010, 2007, 2004, 2000 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

Assessment Portfolios and ELL Defined as the systematic collection of student work measured against predetermined scoring criteria determined by the school district Allows for breath of evaluation and inclusion of English Language Learners (ELLs) within the high-stakes testing of districts Challenges include: Limited reliability and comparability across classes/grade levels Standardized administration procedures for all work is difficult Can provide an important complement to more traditional measures The Inclusive Classroom: Strategies for Effective Differentiated Instruction, 5th ed., Margo A. Mastropieri, Thomas E. Scruggs, ISBN 0132659859 © 2014, 2010, 2007, 2004, 2000 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

Teaching Test-Taking Skills Tests can measure student skills at test-taking Teach general test-preparation strategies Teach students to prepare academically and physically Teach anxiety reduction strategies Encourage positive attributions Recognize signs of tension and respond consciously by relaxing muscles and controlling breathing Teach test-taking and study skills The Inclusive Classroom: Strategies for Effective Differentiated Instruction, 5th ed., Margo A. Mastropieri, Thomas E. Scruggs, ISBN 0132659859 © 2014, 2010, 2007, 2004, 2000 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

General Strategies for Standardized Tests Separate answer sheets Practice filling in the bubble Use elimination strategies Eliminate response options they know are incorrect Guess when appropriate Guessing is better than leaving an answer blank Use time wisely Use time efficiently on familiar items, don’t waste time on answers they are unlikely to answer correctly an The Inclusive Classroom: Strategies for Effective Differentiated Instruction, 5th ed., Margo A. Mastropieri, Thomas E. Scruggs, ISBN 0132659859 © 2014, 2010, 2007, 2004, 2000 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

Specific Strategies for Standardized Tests Reading Comprehension Decoding Mathematics computation Mathematics concepts Mathematics problem-solving Science and social studies The Inclusive Classroom: Strategies for Effective Differentiated Instruction, 5th ed., Margo A. Mastropieri, Thomas E. Scruggs, ISBN 0132659859 © 2014, 2010, 2007, 2004, 2000 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

Strategies for Teacher-made Tests Objective Written sentence-completion and short answer: encourage students to provide some answers even if partially correct Essay: Use strategies, such as SNOW, to facilitate test performance SNOW (study the question, note important points, organize the information, write directly to the point of the question) Performance The Inclusive Classroom: Strategies for Effective Differentiated Instruction, 5th ed., Margo A. Mastropieri, Thomas E. Scruggs, ISBN 0132659859 © 2014, 2010, 2007, 2004, 2000 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

SCORER Test-Taking Strategies SCORER represents clue words to help students perform better during testing situations Schedule time Clue words Omit hard items Read carefully Estimate answers Review work The Inclusive Classroom: Strategies for Effective Differentiated Instruction, 5th ed., Margo A. Mastropieri, Thomas E. Scruggs, ISBN 0132659859 © 2014, 2010, 2007, 2004, 2000 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

PIRATES Test-Taking Strategies PIRATES a seven-step strategy designed to help students perform better on teacher-made tests Prepare to succeed Inspect the instructions Read, remember, reduce Answer or abandon Turn back Estimate Survey The Inclusive Classroom: Strategies for Effective Differentiated Instruction, 5th ed., Margo A. Mastropieri, Thomas E. Scruggs, ISBN 0132659859 © 2014, 2010, 2007, 2004, 2000 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

ANSWER Test-Taking Strategies ANSWER is designed to assist students with essay type exams Analyze the situation Notice requirements Set up an outline Work in details Engineer your answer Review your work The Inclusive Classroom: Strategies for Effective Differentiated Instruction, 5th ed., Margo A. Mastropieri, Thomas E. Scruggs, ISBN 0132659859 © 2014, 2010, 2007, 2004, 2000 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

Learning Strategies Require students to: Identify when the strategy is required Retrieve the steps in the strategy Correctly apply the strategy Have repeated exposure to, and practice with, each strategy in order to learn to use it effectively The Inclusive Classroom: Strategies for Effective Differentiated Instruction, 5th ed., Margo A. Mastropieri, Thomas E. Scruggs, ISBN 0132659859 © 2014, 2010, 2007, 2004, 2000 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

Modify Grading Procedures There is no one “right” way to issue report cards to students with disabilities. Suggestions for alternatives include: Consulting school and district policy Following recommendations on IEP Making no grade modifications at all Using a pass-fail system Using a double-standard approach Contracting Personal grading plans The Inclusive Classroom: Strategies for Effective Differentiated Instruction, 5th ed., Margo A. Mastropieri, Thomas E. Scruggs, ISBN 0132659859 © 2014, 2010, 2007, 2004, 2000 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.