Daily Warm up Review: What is the function of stratified columnar? What is one function of adipose? Which muscle tissue has many nuclei? What does the term anatomical position mean? There are a lot of components to the human body: Give an example of how the body is divided?

Daily Warm up What is the dorsal cavity and ventral cavity? 2. The thoracic cavity is broken down into three cavities; what are they? And what is in them?

Daily Warm up What is the general function of the integumentary system? 2. Name the organs of the urinary system.

Organization of the Human Body Body cavities, membranes, organ systems, anatomical terminology, body regions Chapter 1

EQ: Where are the organs of the body located? Human body is a complex structure composed of many parts These parts are divided into Cavities Membranes within cavities Variety of organ systems

Divisions Axial Portions Appendicular Portions Head Neck Trunk Upper limbs Lower limbs

How is the human body divided? Answer on your white boards… Into axial and appendicular portions Axial – head neck trunk Appendicular – upper and lower extremities

Axial Portions Cranial Cavity Vertebral canal Thoracic Cavity Organs are called viscera Abdominopelvic Cavity

Body Cavities The Axial portion of the body is then further divided into two major cavities – the dorsal cavity and the ventral cavity Dorsal cavity protects the nervous system, and is divided into two subdivisions: Cranial cavity & Vertebral cavity Ventral cavity houses the internal organs (viscera), and is divided into two subdivisions: - Thoracic and Abdominopelvic cavities

Body Cavities Ventral Cavity Figure 1.9a

Into what two major cavities is the human body divided? Answer on your white boards… Dorsal and Ventral cavities Dorsal – cranial and vertebral cavities Ventral – Thoracic and Abdomniopelvic

Dorsal Body Cavities Dorsal cavity Cranial cavity is within the skull and encases the brain Vertebral cavity runs within the vertebral column and encases the spinal cord

Body Cavities Ventral Cavity Figure 1.9a

Ventral Body Cavities Thoracic cavity is subdivided into pleural cavities, the mediastinum, and the pericardial cavity Pleural cavities – each houses a lung Mediastinum – contains the pericardial cavity, and surrounds the remaining thoracic organs Pericardial cavity – encloses the heart

Body Cavities Figure 1.9b Thoracic cavity

What does the thoracic cavity contain? Answer on your white boards… Pleural cavities, mediastinum, & pericardial cavities Plerual cavities – contains the lungs Mediastinum – pericardial cavity, esophagus, trachea, & thymus Pericardial cavity – contains the heart

Ventral Body Cavities The abdominopelvic cavity is separated from the superior thoracic cavity by the dome- shaped diaphragm It is composed of two subdivisions Abdominal cavity – contains the stomach, intestines, spleen, liver, kidneys, gallbladder and other organs Pelvic cavity – lies within the pelvis enclosed by hip bones and contains the bladder, reproductive organs, and rectum

Body Cavities Figure 1.9b Thoracic cavity

What does the abdominopelvic cavity contain? Answer on your white boards… Abdominal & Pelvic cavities Abdominal cavity– contains stomach, liver, spleen, gallbladder, kidneys, small & large intestines Pelvic cavity – contains the terminal portion of the large intestine, urinary bladder, internal reproductive organs

Ventral Body Cavity Membranes Parietal pleura lines internal body walls Visceral pleura covers the internal organs Serous fluid separates the parietal and visceral pleura Potential space between the membranes is called the pleural cavity

Ventral Body Cavity Membranes Figure 1.10a

Pericardial Membranes Visceral pericardium – covers the heart Parietal pericardium – lines the mediastinum Paricardial cavity – potential space between the membranes

Ventral Body Cavity Membranes Figure 1.10b

Peritoneal membranes Lines the abdominopelvic cavity Parietal peritonium lines the wall of the abdominal cavity Visceral peritonium covers the organs of the abdominal cavity Pertioneal cavity is the potential space between the membranes

25

What is the difference between parietal membranes and visceral membranes? Answer on your white boards… Parietal membrane – lines the walls of the cavities Visceral membrane – covers the organs

Cavities within the Head Oral and digestive – mouth and cavities of the digestive organs Nasal –located within and posterior to the nose Orbital – house the eyes Middle ear – contain bones (ossicles) that transmit sound vibrations Synovial – joint cavities

Organ Systems of the Body

Organ Systems The human body consists of several organ systems Each system has a set of interrelated organs that work together They work together to maintain homeostasis

Organ Systems: Body Coverings Integumentary System Includes the skin and accessory organs (hair, nails, sweat glands, sebaceous glands) Protect underlying tissue, helps regulate temperature, and synthesize certain products

Organ Systems: Support and Movement Skeletal System Includes bones, ligaments, cartilage Provides frameworks and protective shields for soft tissue, attachment for muscles, acts with muscles for parts to move, and contains tissues that produce blood cells and store inorganic salts.

Organ Systems: Support and Movement Muscular System Includes muscles Provides forces that move body parts by contracting and pulling their ends Help to maintain posture and are the main source of body heat

Organ Systems: Integration and Coordination Nervous System Includes the brain, spinal cord, nerves and sensory organs Provides communication between each other and muscles and glands using neurotransmitters Detects changes inside and outside the body, interprets these changes and responds to information.

Organ Systems: Integration and Coordination Endocrine System Includes the glands – hypothalamus, pituitary, thyroid, parathyroid, adrenal glands, pancreas, ovaries, testes pineal and thymus - that secrete chemical messengers called hormones. Move through body fluids – blood or tissue fluid – to the a certain type of cell, where it changes the metabolism of the cell. Effects are for longer periods of time, as compared to the nervous system.

Organ Systems: Transport Cardiovascular System Includes heart, arteries, capillaries, and blood Heart pumps blood through the body Blood transports gases, nutrients, hormones and wastes

Organ Systems: Transport Lymphatic System Includes lymphatic vessels, lymph nodes, thymus, spleen and lymph (fluid) Closely related to the cardiovascular system Transports tissue fluid & certain fatty substances to bloodstream Defends against infections and disease-causing microorganisms and viruses (lymphocytes)

Organ Systems: Absorption and Excretion Digestive System Includes mouth, tongue, teeth, salivary glands, pharynx, esophagus, stomach, liver, gallbladder, pancreas, small & larger intestine Receives food and breaks it down into simple forms to be passed and absorbed Materials not absorbed are eliminated Can also produce hormones (An accessory organ to the endocrine system)

Organ Systems: Absorption and Excretion Respiratory System Includes nasal cavity, pharynx, larynx, trachea, bronchi, and lungs Move air into and out of the body Exchanges gases between blood and air

Organ Systems: Absorption and Excretion Urinary System Includes kidneys, ureters, urinary bladder, and urethra Removes wastes from blood, helps maintain body’s water and salt concentrations Produces urine

Anatomical terminology A set of precise terms to describe anatomy Clinicians and researchers use these terms to communicate effectively Terms relate to relative positions of body parts, imaginary planes along which cuts could be made on the body, and describe body regions

Anatomical Position Body erect Feet slightly apart Palms facing forward Thumbs point away from body Figure 1.7a

What is the anatomical position? Answer on your white boards… Body erect Feet slightly apart Palms facing forward Thumbs pointed outward

Anterior and Posterior Positions means towards the front Posterior – opposite view of anterior; means toward the back 43

Anterior and Posterior view 44

What is more anterior – the heart or the spine? Answer on your white boards… heart

Superior and Inferior Views means the body part is above another part or is closer to the head. Inferior – means the body part is below another part or is closer to the feet 46

Superior and Inferior Views 47

What is more inferior – the diaphragm or bladder? Answer on your white boards… bladder

Medial and Lateral Medial - relates to an imaginary midline dividing the body into equal left and right halves. Body part is medial if it is close to the midline. (Nose is medial to the eyes) Lateral – means toward the side with respect to the imaginary midline (Ears are lateral to the eyes) 49

Medial and Lateral Views 50

What is more lateral – the hand or the hip? Answer on your white boards… hand

Proximal and Distal Proximal – describes a body part that is closer to a point of attachment closer to the trunk than another body part. (Elbow is proximal to the wrist) Distal – opposite of proximal; particular body part is farther from a point of attachment compared to the trunk than another body part. (Fingers are distal to the wrist) 52

Proximal and Distal Views 53

What is more distal – the toes or the ankle? Answer on your white boards… ankle

Superficial and Deep Superficial – situated near the surface Deep – parts that are more internal 55

What is more superficial – the quads or the femur ? Answer on your white boards… quads

Directional Terms Table 1.1

Directional Terms Table 1.1

BODY PLANES Observing the relative locations and organization of the internal body parts requires cutting or sectioning the body along various planes.

Body Planes Sagittal – divides the body into right and left parts Midsagittal or medial – sagittal plane that lies on the midline Frontal or coronal – divides the body into anterior and posterior parts Transverse or horizontal (cross section) – divides the body into superior and inferior parts Oblique section – cuts made diagonally

Body Planes Figure 1.8

Activity….

Regional Terms of the Body Number of terms designate body regions.

Regional Terms: Anterior View Figure 1.7a

Regional Terms: Posterior View Figure 1.7b

Abdominopelvic Regions Umbilical Epigastric Hypogastric Right and left iliac or inguinal Right and left lumbar Right and left hypochondriac Figure 1.11a

Organs of the Abdominopelvic Regions Figure 1.11b

Abdominopelvic Quadrants Right upper (RUQ) Left upper (LUQ) Right lower (RLQ) Left lower (LLQ) Figure 1.12

Body Cavities

Body Cavities

Overview of Anatomy and Physiology Anatomy – the study of the structure of body parts and their relationships to one another Physiology – the study of the function of the body’s structural machinery Don’t forget they go together- form effects function and function would influence form.

Levels of Structural Organization Smooth muscle cell Molecules Cellular level Cells are made up of molecules 2 Atoms 1 Chemical level Atoms combine to form molecules Smooth muscle tissue Heart 3 Tissue level Tissues consist of similar types of cells Cardiovascular system Blood vessels Epithelial tissue Smooth muscle tissue Blood vessel (organ) 6 Organismal level The human organism is made up of many organ systems Connective tissue 4 Organ level Organs are made up of different types of tissues 5 Organ system level Organ systems consist of different organs that work together closely Figure 1.1

Homeostasis Homeostasis is the ability to maintain a relatively stable internal environment in an ever-changing outside world The internal environment of the body is in a dynamic state of equilibrium Chemical, thermal, and neural factors interact to maintain homeostasis