Airport Systems Planning & Design / RdN AIRPORT PASSENGER BUILDINGS: EFFICIENCY THRU SHARED USE  Dr. Richard de Neufville  Professor of Engineering Systems & Civil and Environmental Engineering  M.I.T.  Based on work with  Steven Belin, Senior Analyst, S H & E

Airport Systems Planning & Design / RdN Shared Space and Facilities in Airport Passenger Buildings Sharing between Units of Activity => 10 to 60% improvements …either in cost reduction for overall airport capacity …or in capacity for fixed building and facilities

Airport Systems Planning & Design / RdN Major Improvement over Traditional Approach to Design Traditional Approach  Defines maximum capacity different units (international, domestic, gates, etc.)  Provides facilities to meet these demands  Overall, provides more than required Shared Use Approach  Takes advantage of overlap  Uses Space and Facilities more intensely  Provides Capacity more cost-effectively

Airport Systems Planning & Design / RdN Example Contrasting Shared Use and Traditional Approach (1) Bangkok Phase 1: 30 MAP Design Traffic:  International: 21 to 25 MAP  Domestic: 5 to 9 MAP Traditional Approach Has Space for: = 34 MAP But intended for 30 MAP capacity!

Airport Systems Planning & Design / RdN Example Contrasting Shared Use and Traditional Approach (2) Shared Approach Designs for : (shared) = 30 MAP  13% savings in space or: (shared) = 34 MAP  13% increase in capacity over traditional More value for money either way!

Airport Systems Planning & Design / RdN Primary and Secondary Drivers Motivating Use of Shared Space

Airport Systems Planning & Design / RdN Analysis Methods Recommended for each motivating factor

Airport Systems Planning & Design / RdN Peak Capacity Sharing -- Short time, needs identical Basic example: Lounge space for aircraft gates  people all have same needs Other examples:  bag claims, car parks, curb space, etc… Sharing of Lounge Space is Common Practice in US Airports  Not in Europe, Japan, Asia

Airport Systems Planning & Design / RdN Example Pattern of Occupancy: Shared Lounge for 4 Gates Gate 1 Gate 2Gate 3 Gate 4 Gate 1 Gate 2Gate 3 Gate 4 Gate 1 Gate 2 Gate 3 Gate 4 Gate 1 Gate 2 Gate 3 Gate

Airport Systems Planning & Design / RdN Sharing lounges saves Space

Airport Systems Planning & Design / RdN Concept of Shared Lounge Space

Airport Systems Planning & Design / RdN Shared Departure Lounge: Las Vegas/McCarran Shared Lounge

Airport Systems Planning & Design / RdN Shared Departure Lounge: Miami/International Shared Lounge Shared Lounge

Airport Systems Planning & Design / RdN Percent of Lounge Space needed depends on situation (table)

Airport Systems Planning & Design / RdN Percent of Lounge Space needed depends on situation (graph)

Airport Systems Planning & Design / RdN Shared Departure Lounge, Widebody Occupancy time (min.) / Interdeparture time (min.)

Airport Systems Planning & Design / RdN Shared Departure Lounge, Narrowbody Occupancy time (min.) / Interdeparture time (min.)

Airport Systems Planning & Design / RdN Peak Capacity Sharing -- Longer Time, Needs Different Basic examples:  Gates for Aircraft, Processing of International and Domestic Passengers Investment to enable flexibility (airbridges, sterile corridors, etc) Examples applications:  Las Vegas, Wellington, Boston...  Kuala Lumpur, Mombasa, New Bangkok...

Airport Systems Planning & Design / RdN International or Domestic Only

Airport Systems Planning & Design / RdN Both International and Domestic

Airport Systems Planning & Design / RdN International / Domestic Swing Gates: Las Vegas/McCarran Concourse Gate T2-1 Gate T2-2 Gate T2-3 To FIS

Airport Systems Planning & Design / RdN International / Domestic Swing Gates: Wellington, New Zealand

Airport Systems Planning & Design / RdN Swing Baggage Claim: Wellington, New Zealand

Airport Systems Planning & Design / RdN Uncertainty Space -- Insurance for Current Needs Uncertainty in Operations (Schedule delays, maintenance…) Spare Capacity => Insurance Simple Formula for Design Gates:  Design Gates = Maximum scheduled (G) + Allowance for Delay (G 1/2 ) Sharing => Smaller Buffer (as %)  (G 1/2 )/G = 1/(G 1/2 ) units together raise G

Airport Systems Planning & Design / RdN Concept of Shared “Insurance Space”

Airport Systems Planning & Design / RdN Expanded Concept of Shared Space: Time Overlaps + Insurance

Airport Systems Planning & Design / RdN Uncertainty Space -- Insurance for Future Needs Uncertainty in Future Traffic Mix  Normal Variability -- from historical record  Extraordinary Variability -- Major Shift (airport becomes international gateway, hub…) Insurance = Flexible Future Capacity  Adapt Capacity to Future Traffic Mix

Airport Systems Planning & Design / RdN Structure of Decision Analysis to select optimal shared capacity

Airport Systems Planning & Design / RdN Flexible Space Easily Adapts to Changes in Future Demand

Airport Systems Planning & Design / RdN Percent Swing Gates Needed -- Normal Variability

Airport Systems Planning & Design / RdN Percent Swing Gates ( + 20% cost) -- Extraordinary Variability

Airport Systems Planning & Design / RdN Percent Swing Gates ( + 5% cost) -- Extraordinary Variability

Airport Systems Planning & Design / RdN Practical Conclusions For Design  Routine Use of Shared Lounges  20 to 30% shared gates, etc... For Analysis  Spreadsheets do excellent job  Existing results can be used  Formulas also available