1. ICRAT 2004 IMPACT OF FUTURE GENERATION AIRCRAFT IN AIRPORT OPERATIVITY
AND AIRSPACE CAPACITY
Elena Turrado and Rodrigo Martinez-Val
ETSI Aeronáuticos, Universidad Politécnica de Madrid, Madrid, SPAIN
November 2004

2. Index Introduction Solutions Supersonic Aircraft Flying Wing NLA
A380 a detailed example of NLA
Costs
Conclusions

3. Growth will cause the airports to adapt
Introduction
5 % per year growth in traffic air means 50% more passengers in 2012.
What’s the problem?
Slot -constraints Airports & Airspace constraints
Growth will cause the airports to adapt
To cope with growth, the choice is:
Adaptation to bigger aircraft
New runways and terminals.
Additional airports.
More extensive use of air space
IMPACT OF FUTURE GENERATION AIRCRAFT IN AIRPORT OPERATIVITY AND AIRSPACE CAPACITY

4. MORE EXTENSIVE USE OF AIR SPACE (FL 400)
Solutions
MORE EXTENSIVE USE OF AIR SPACE (FL 400)
Supersonic / high subsonic aircraft
Flying Wings
ADAPTATION TO BIGGER AIRCRAFT
New Large Aircraft (NLA)
IMPACT OF FUTURE GENERATION AIRCRAFT IN AIRPORT OPERATIVITY AND AIRSPACE CAPACITY

5. Supersonic / High Subsonic Aircraft
High-Speed Civil Transport (HSCT): It was expected to be introduced into service sometime between the years 2005 and 2015.
- Mach 2.0 to 2.5
passengers.
km Range
Sonic Cruiser: It was expected to be introduced into service in 2008 (Project finished in 2002)
- Mach
passengers.
NM Range
Advantages : - Reduce Airspace Congestion (FL 400)
- Reduce time route (20% less)
Disadvantages: - Increase in fuel consumption ( %)
- Increase in Business class charges ( +15% )
IMPACT OF FUTURE GENERATION AIRCRAFT IN AIRPORT OPERATIVITY AND AIRSPACE CAPACITY

6. Flying Wings : Characteristics
LARGE CAPACITY & HIGH FLIGHT LEVEL
OPERATIONAL CAPACITY
The large wing span (up to 99,6 m) exceed the maximum requirement (80 m) by the airport authorities. So, it involve significant modifications to accommodate the size and weight.
EUROPEAN
LARGE CAPACITY
FLYING WING
B-747
A380
Track (m)
13,89 11
12,4
Wheel base (m)
30,1 – 35,9
25,6
31,7
IMPACT OF FUTURE GENERATION AIRCRAFT IN AIRPORT OPERATIVITY AND AIRSPACE CAPACITY

7. Flying Wings : Ground Operation
GROUND HANDLING
- A reduction of height on ground level make difficult the movement of vehicles needed to supply the aircraft.
- Passenger boarding/deboarding, with an optimum timearound, involve a minimum of three bridges at the same level.
EMERGENCY EXITS
At least five type A doors (1,067 m x 1,829 m) are necessary at both sites of the aircraft (leading edge and rear aircraft).
IMPACT OF FUTURE GENERATION AIRCRAFT IN AIRPORT OPERATIVITY AND AIRSPACE CAPACITY

8. Flying Wings : Advantages & Disadvantages
Airport Compatibility (maximum span 80m)
ADVANTAGES (vs. B /A )
Reduced Take-off and landing field length.
Less fuel burnt per passenger-kilometre (15% more efficient).
10-20 percent more efficient as a transport vehicle
in terms of global transport productivity.
DISADVANTAGES
Uncommon wing architecture => manufacturing and maintenance problems.
Uncommon cabin arrangement => negatively perceived by passengers.
Increased passenger and cargo flight loads for increased distance to airplane axis.
IMPACT OF FUTURE GENERATION AIRCRAFT IN AIRPORT OPERATIVITY AND AIRSPACE CAPACITY

9. Airport reference Code ICAO/FAA
NLA : Characteristics
Airport reference Code ICAO/FAA
Source ICAO (1999)
Source FAA (1989)
IMPACT OF FUTURE GENERATION AIRCRAFT IN AIRPORT OPERATIVITY AND AIRSPACE CAPACITY

10. NLA : Airport Design Impact (1/4)
Table : Aircraft Design Group V and VI Comparison
IMPACT OF FUTURE GENERATION AIRCRAFT IN AIRPORT OPERATIVITY AND AIRSPACE CAPACITY

11. NLA : Airport Design Impact (2/4)
Table : Aircraft Design Group V and VI Comparison (cont.)
IMPACT OF FUTURE GENERATION AIRCRAFT IN AIRPORT OPERATIVITY AND AIRSPACE CAPACITY

12. NLA : Airport Design Impact (3/4)
AIRSIDE:
- Pavements : Increase in weight -> increase in tyres
- Safety: Fire protection (CAT.10- ICAO/ F ó G - FAA).
Emergency Procedures (increase of 30% in passengers.)
Deicing facilities and operations (increase in equipment and staff)
Object free areas o protection areas of Navigation Aids.
- Operations: Wake vortex effects
AIRSIDE / LANDSIDE:
Gate requirements, Apron separation clearances, Compatible passenger loading bridges and Ground servicing (Spaces, 30% more equipment, capabilities).
IMPACT OF FUTURE GENERATION AIRCRAFT IN AIRPORT OPERATIVITY AND AIRSPACE CAPACITY

13. NLA : Airport Design Impact (4/4)
LANDSIDE :
More facilities in terminal (check-in desks, security and passport control, Departure lounges, baggage lobbies), parking.
ENVIRONMENT
- Airport Noise: Below Stage 3 noise levels.
- Air quality (emissions): Higher efficiency jet engines.
- Water runoff.
IMPACT OF FUTURE GENERATION AIRCRAFT IN AIRPORT OPERATIVITY AND AIRSPACE CAPACITY

14. A380 a detailed example of a NLA
IMPACT OF FUTURE GENERATION AIRCRAFT IN AIRPORT OPERATIVITY AND AIRSPACE CAPACITY

15. IMPACT OF FUTURE GENERATION AIRCRAFT IN AIRPORT OPERATIVITY AND AIRSPACE CAPACITY

16. IMPACT OF FUTURE GENERATION AIRCRAFT IN AIRPORT OPERATIVITY AND AIRSPACE CAPACITY

17. IMPACT OF FUTURE GENERATION AIRCRAFT IN AIRPORT OPERATIVITY AND AIRSPACE CAPACITY

18. IMPACT OF FUTURE GENERATION AIRCRAFT IN AIRPORT OPERATIVITY AND AIRSPACE CAPACITY

19. IMPACT OF FUTURE GENERATION AIRCRAFT IN AIRPORT OPERATIVITY AND AIRSPACE CAPACITY

20. Costs
IMPACT OF FUTURE GENERATION AIRCRAFT IN AIRPORT OPERATIVITY AND AIRSPACE CAPACITY

21. Cost (1/2) AVERAGE COST PER AIRPORT
ANALYSIS CARRIED OUT:
In base on surveys realised by ACI to American airports of USA (20 answers).
Airports which currently operate B747
AVERAGE COST PER AIRPORT
Total average : 200 millions € (aprox Mill SKK*)
Concepts:
80% Airside,
15% Terminal and
5% Operational facilities
NOTE: Staff and maintenance costs no included.
* 1 € ~ 40 SKK
IMPACT OF FUTURE GENERATION AIRCRAFT IN AIRPORT OPERATIVITY AND AIRSPACE CAPACITY

22. Cost (2/2)
MAXIMUM JUSTIFIED: 100 Mill. $ (83 millions € ~ 3320 Mill SKK)
SOLUTION: INCREASE IN CHARGES
Aeronautical tariffs for landing, parking and the use of terminals could rise by up to 25%.
Airports Operators point of view
(50% of movements currently made by B747s are in the future made by A380s)
IMPACT OF FUTURE GENERATION AIRCRAFT IN AIRPORT OPERATIVITY AND AIRSPACE CAPACITY

23. Conclusions
IMPACT OF FUTURE GENERATION AIRCRAFT IN AIRPORT OPERATIVITY AND AIRSPACE CAPACITY

24. CHANGES IN AIRPORT INSTALLATIONS
Conclusions (1/3)
AIR TRAFFIC CONGESTION
- The large aircraft is a good solution to air traffic congestion in airports.
- Large capacity Flying-wing is a double solution to airspace congestion.
CHANGES IN AIRPORT INSTALLATIONS
- Most future generation aircraft will be design group VI (FAA) and Type F (ICAO) aircraft
- Possible requirements of operational waivers, restrictions or prohibitions from operating them.
IMPACT OF FUTURE GENERATION AIRCRAFT IN AIRPORT OPERATIVITY AND AIRSPACE CAPACITY

25. Conclusions (2/3) FINANCIAL ASPECT
Large Aircraft reduce seat-km costs.
And at slot-constrained airports, NLA provides growth capacity.
Airport Operator should evaluate the cost of adecuate airport infrastructures (in average 200 mill. € per Airport) and the possibly necessary subsidies or changes in tariffs politicy.
4 B747 -> 3 A380 equal earnings per passenger
1 B747 -> 1 A380 revenue from charges
AIRLINES
AIRPORTS
IMPACT OF FUTURE GENERATION AIRCRAFT IN AIRPORT OPERATIVITY AND AIRSPACE CAPACITY

26. Conclusions (3/3) MARKET ANALYSIS
Airport Operators => Market opportunity open like Hub Airport operating with NLA.
SAFETY
NLA reduces separation clearances => Supplemental safety items :
Ground looking camera systems,
wingtip collision indicators,
or reduced speed limits….etc.
IMPACT OF FUTURE GENERATION AIRCRAFT IN AIRPORT OPERATIVITY AND AIRSPACE CAPACITY

27. Thanks for your attention.
Any Questions?