Fluid and Electrolyte Balance

Electrolytes  Electrolytes (sodium, potassium, chloride) help keep fluids in the proper compartments –Intracellular water –Extracellular water

Electrolytes  Enable nerves to respond  Signal muscles to contract

Primary electrolytes-major minerals  More than 0.1 grams (or 100 mg) required per day in the diet  These include: –Sodium –Potassium –Chloride –Phosphorus

Sodium: + ion of table salt (NaCl)  No known human diet lacks sodium  Minimum requirement about 500 mg/day –estimated safe and adequate Daily intake  Average intake in US for men = 3300 mg/day(equal to 8 grams of salt/day)  AI = 1500 mg/day  <2400 mg/day most common rec.

Sodium Functions Scientific Method Google Image Result for  Fluid balance  Blood pressure  Acid-base balance  Nerve transmission  Active transport mechanism

Hypertension  Definition  Diastolic Blood Pressure – > 90 mm Hg  Systolic Blood Pressure – >140 mm Hg  Desirable < 120/80

Hypertension and Disease  Stroke –2/3rds with first stroke have HTN –7 times more likely than normal  Coronary heart disease –1/2 with first MI have HTN –3 times more likely than normal  End-stage Renal Failure  Blindness

Blood Pressure

Risk Factors  Age  Ethnicity  Family History  Obesity

Diet and Hypertension  Weight Loss  Moderate weight loss  Regular exercise

Diet and Hypertension  Alcohol – < 1-2 servings per day –>2 servings increases risk of HTN  Potassium – fruits and vegetables  Fish Oils  Calcium  Calcium, Linus Pauling Institute's Micronutrient Information Center Calcium, Linus Pauling Institute's Micronutrient Information Center

The DASH Diet  D ietary A pproaches to S top H ypertension  Diet rich in –fruit –vegetable –grain products  Low/non fat dairy, fish and meats

DASH-Na Conclusions  DASH diet lowers BP  Sodium reduction lowers BP  Combination of DASH and Na reduction effects greater than separately –DASH+low-Na reduced Systolic BP by: 11.5mm Hg in HTN subjects 7.1 mm Hg in borderline HTN subjects