Class Overview Pesticide Toxicity Pesticide Poisoning First Aid Labels Formulations Federal Laws Weeds Insects Diseases Environment

Pesticide Toxicity Lethal Dose 50% The amount of pesticide it takes to kill 50% of a group of test animals. Express in milligrams of material versus kilograms of body weight Routes of entry: Oral Entry = by Mouth Dermal Entry = Skin Absorption Inhalation = Breathing Vapors

Pesticide Toxicity Signal Words Oral LD 50% Signal Word(s) Dermal LD50% Danger/Poison Warning ,000 Caution 2, ,000 over - 5,000 Keep Out of the over - 20,000 Reach of Children

Pesticide Toxicity Probable Dose: Oral LD 50% Amount of Active Ingredient a few drops - 1 teaspoon teaspoon - 1 ounce ,000 1 ounce - 1 pint over - 5,000 1 pint plus

Pesticide Toxicity Actual Risks Related to Everyday Activities Activity Number of Deaths Smoking150,000 Alcoholic Beverages100,000 Motor Vehicles 50,000 Handguns 17,000 Home Appliances 200 Power Mowers 24 Pesticides 0

Pesticide Toxicity Typical LD50% amounts for Comparison Common Name LD50% in Mg./Kg. Yellow Jacket 3.8 Nicotine 53 Caffeine 192 2, 4-D 600 Aspirin 1,240 Dicamba/Banvel2,900 Glyphosate/Roundup 4,320

Pesticide Poisoning Signs and Symptoms Organophosphorus Pesticides in this group attack a chemical in the blood, CHOLINESTERASE, that is necessary for proper nerve functioning. Constant muscle twitching Pinpoint pupils Watery eyes Drooling Dizziness Excessive sweating Rapid heartbeat Vomiting Stomach cramps Diarrhea

Pesticide Poisoning Signs and Symptoms Organophosphorus Severe Symptoms Difficult breathing Loss of muscle control Unconsciousness Chlorinated Hydrocarbons The signs and symptoms are the same as for the Organophosphates but less severe

Pesticide Poisoning Other Chemical Groups Carbamates Nitrophenol Arsenic Mercury Botanical - such as Nicotine, & Pyrethrum Methyl Bromide Chloropicrin - often mixed with other products as as a warning agent.

First Aid for Pesticide Poisoning The main goal is to remove the person from further exposure to the poison. Send someone for emergency help and administer first aid. Try to find out what the poison is! The Label is best but a small sample of the poison would also work.

First Aid for Pesticide Poisoning Swallowed Poison Cause the patient to vomit unless one of the following conditions exist; Unconscience Convulsive Petroleum Product Corrosive Product

First Aid for Pesticide Poisoning Universal Antidote 2 parts activated charcoal 1 part magnesium oxide 1 part tannic acid Homemade antidote Burnt black toast Milk of magnesia Strong tea

First Aid for Pesticide Poisoning Poison on the Skin Wash the surface of the skin thoroughly Poison in the eye Wash with a gentle stream of clean water. It is important that you do not use any chemicals in the eye.

First Aid for Pesticide Poisoning General provisions - if you are alone 1. Stop mechanized equipment immediately if able. 2. Leave the contaminated area. 3. Decontaminate yourself and clothing, if necessary. 4. Seek medical assistance. Take along a container label or MSDS to assist medical personnel with treatment. MSDS = Material Safety Data Sheet. These are required by law to be readily available at your work site. These contain comprehensive information about the pesticide you are using.

First Aid for Pesticide Poisoning General provisions - if you are alone with the victim 1. Make certain it is safe to enter the area first. 2. If the area is contaminated, equip yourself with PPE. 3. Stop any equipment that may be operating, if time permits. 4. Check to see if the victim is breathing and has a pulse.. If not, start CPR at once. “FIRST AID TRAINING” 5. Decontaminate the victim. (this may have to be done first) 6. Get medical treatment immediately. Take along or have available a pesticide label or MSDS.

Workers Right to Know General provisions - under the guidelines of the Dept of L & I 1. Employees must have access to information on workplace hazards. MSDS - Material Safety Data Sheets Pesticide Labels 2. Employees must receive training in areas and products potential hazards 3. All businesses over a certain number of employees must have a functioning safety committee

Workers Right to Know Pesticide Incident Reporting 1. PIRT - Pesticide Incident Reporting and Tracking Review Panel 2. ODA - is the lead agency regarding any Pesticide related problem 3. Other Dept of L&I Dept of Transportation FDA

Pesticide Labels I. Background A. Time and Effort 1. Years of research 2. 6 years minimum B. Cost 1. Millions of dollars C. Testing 1. Toxicological 2. Performance 3. Degradation, mobility, and residue 4. Effects on wildlife and environment D. EPA label review 1. Use registration

Pesticide Labels II. Parts of the label A. Trade, Brand, or Product names 1. Usually trademark protected 2. Must be plainly visible on the front of the panel 3. Can include the formulation B. Ingredient Statement 1. Active ingredient by name and percentage 2. Inert ingredient(s) by percentage 3. Common and chemical name(s) C. Use Classification Statement 1. Restricted use - statement 2. State may restrict the use of an unrestricted pesticide

Pesticide Labels II. Parts of the label D. Type of Pesticide 1. Short statement in general terms of control E. Formulation Statement 1. If not listed separately, would be in directions for use F. Net Contents G. Name and address of the manufacturer H. Registration Numbers 1. Can include special designations, such as special use G. Establishment Numbers 1. Identifies the facility where the product was produced

Pesticide Labels II. Parts of the label H. Signal Words 1. Danger/Poison, Warning, Caution, and Keep out of ….. I. Precautionary Statements 1. Routes of entry - specific action statements 2. Protective clothing's and equipment statements 3. Other precautionary statements J. Statement of Practical Treatment 1. First aid treatment - note to M.D. - possible antidote K. Physical or Chemical Hazards

Pesticide Labels II. Parts of the label L. Reentry Statement 1. How much time must pass before workers can enter 2. Minimum reentry for others 3. Worker safety precautions M. Storage and Disposal 1. General directions, specific directions may be included elsewhere N. Endangered Species Directions

Pesticide Labels II. Parts of the label O. Directions for Use 1. Controlled pests 2. Plant, crop, animal, or site the product is intended to protect 3. Proper equipment 4. Rate of application and frequency 5. Compatibility 6. Phytotoxicity (injury to plants) 7. Where and when pesticide should be applied 8. Chemigation

Pesticide Formulations I. Emulsifiable Concentrates A. Liquid formulations with the active ingredient dissolved in one or more petroleum products 1. Advantages a. Easy to handle, transport, and store b. Little agitation required c. Non-abrasive to equipment d. Little potential for plugging nozzles or screens 2. Disadvantages a. High concentration of active ingredient b. May have high Phytotoxicity c. Solvents may cause wear of equipment d. May be corrosive or flammable due to petroleum product

Pesticide Formulations II. Solutions A. Water soluble active ingredient 1. Advantages and disadvantages vary greatly III. Baits A. Active ingredient mixed with an edible or attractant substance 1. Advantages a. Ready to use b. Can be removed when control is no longer necessary 2. Disadvantages a. may be attractive to children and/or pets b. Wildlife may be affected c. Higher cost

Pesticide Formulations IV. Soluble Powders A. Dry, powdered product which dissolves readily in water with range of 20% - 80% active ingredient 1. Advantages a. Reasonable cost b. Easy to store, transport, and handle c. Lower Phytotoxicity d. Slower skin absorption rate 2. Disadvantages a. Dust like consistency may have potential breathing hazards b. State may restrict use of unclassified pesticides

Pesticide Formulations V. Wettable Powders A. Dry, finely ground and does not dissolve in water with a 20% - 80% active ingredient 1. Applied as a suspension a. Requires constant agitation b. Abrasive and can cause wear to nozzles and pump c. Can cause clogging of nozzles d. Leaves a residue VI. Aerosols A. Ready to use, easily stored, high cost, and hard to contain spray

Pesticide Formulations VII. Flowables A. Similar to wettable powders but suspension is more easily accomplished 1. High concentration of active ingredient a. Less clogging, less inhalation hazard VIII. Water Dispersible Granules A. Similar to wettable powders but suspension is more easily accomplished 1. Easier to measure and mix a. Less inhalation hazard

Pesticide Formulations IX. Dusts A. Low concentration of active ingredient mixed with an inert carrier 1. Advantages a. Easy to handle and apply b. Generally ready to use c. Effective where liquid formulations can cause damage, especially to foliage 2. Disadvantages a. High drift potential b. Expensive c. Can cause skin and/or breathing irritation

Pesticide Formulations X. Granules and Pellets A. Dry ready to use, often used for systemic control 1. Advantages a. Ready to use and easy to apply b. Low drift hazard c. Inexpensive application equipment 2. Disadvantages a. More expensive than many formulations b. Does not stick well to foliage c. May require moisture to activate

Pesticide Formulations XI. Fumigants A. Active as gasses I. Control a variety of pests in one application A. Must be compatible B. Synergism Pesticide Mixtures

Adjuvants I. Chemicals added to a pesticide formulation to improve it’s performance A. Label should contain any warnings about restrictions of adjuvant use B. Labeled as a pesticide in the state of Washington

Federal Pesticide Laws I. FIFRA - Federal Insecticide, Fungicide, and Rodenticide Act A. First enacted in 1947; amended in 1972, 1975, and 1978 B. Grants authority to the EPA to: 1. Regulate movement, sale, and use of all pesticides distributed in the US 2. Seize pesticide product and devices at any point of their distribution and/or use

Federal Pesticide Laws I. FIFRA - Federal Insecticide, Fungicide, and Rodenticide Act C. FIFRA requirements 1. Pesticide laws enacted by individual states must conform to Federal standards 2. Pesticide uses and recommendations comply with the respective label 3. All pesticides must be classified according to their potential hazards under those circumstances they are to be used

Federal Pesticide Laws I. FIFRA - Federal Insecticide, Fungicide, and Rodenticide Act C. FIFRA requirements - con’t 3. All pesticides must be classified according to their potential hazards under those circumstances they are to be used a. Two classifications, general use and restricted use b. General use; lower toxicity, less potential hazard to humans and the environment, and they can be bought and used by the general public c. Restricted use; sold only to licensed applicators d. A pesticide may be listed in both categories, depending on the formulation, application method, and intended use

Federal Pesticide Laws I. FIFRA - Federal Insecticide, Fungicide, and Rodenticide Act C. FIFRA requirements - con’t 4. Certification programs are approved by the EPA and administered by states. In WA state, the WSDA takes care of implementing and administering programs

I. Introduction to Weed Control A. Definition: A weed is a plant out of place 1. A hazard 2. Nuisance 3. Causes injury 4. Out of place B. Competes with desirable plants for available resources 1. Light 2. Water 3. Nutrients

I. Introduction to Weed Control C. Best defense is a good offense 1.Healthy vigorous stand of desirable vegetation, plants, or turf D. Integrated Pest Management 1. Prevention 2. Mechanical control 3. Cultural control 4. Chemical control

I. Introduction to Weed Control E. IPM Plan 1.Identify the weed 2. Learn about the weed 3. Why is the weed successful 4.Evaluate other options besides chemical control 5. Cost effectiveness 6. Evaluate the effects of chosen control(s) on the environment 7. Implement the plan 8. Document the results

II. Basic Weed Science A. Origin of weeds 1. Native a. Plants with historic origins b. Usually held in check by other plants or the environment c. Rarely become a major problem 2. Introduced a. Brought in from other parts of the world b. The checks and balances are not brought in with them c. Most weed problems are introduced

II. Basic Weed Science A. Origin of weeds – con’t 3. Escaped a.Weeds have spread beyond their intended areas B. How weeds spread 1. Carried from one place to another a. Wind b. Water c. Mammals, birds, and humans

II. Basic Weed Science C. Weed establishment and persistence 1.Established in disturbed soils and unhealthy areas 2. Weeds don’t compete well in healthy areas 3. Large numbers of weed seeds produced 4. Seed viability

II. Basic Weed Science D. Weed classification and life cycles 1.Accurate identification 2. Structural characteristics a.Monocotyledons (grasses and sedges) seedlings have one seed leaf, leaves are narrow and upright, and sedges have triangular stems rather than round or oval b. Dicotyledons – seedlings have two seed leaves and coarse root system with a taproot

II. Basic Weed Science D. Weed classification and life cycles – con’t 3. Life cycles a.Annual plants – life cycle of less than one year – summer & winter annuals b. Biennials First year – primary leaves and root system Second year – flowers, matures, and dies – no grasses or sedges Easiest to control in the first year

II. Basic Weed Science D. Weed classification and life cycles – con’t 3. Life cycles c. Perennials – life cycle of two or more years Classified by how they spread(simple or creeping) Most difficult to control as agroup d. Herbicides only need to kill the shoots of annuals and biennials, but must move to the roots to control perennials

III. Herbicide Basics A. Classification by: 1. Application a. To plant foliage b. To the soil 2. Action a. Contact b. Translocated c. Seedling inhibitor

III. Herbicide Basics A. Classification by: 3. Contact herbicides – foliar applied a. Applied to growing plants b. Do not move throughout the plant c. Kill only the plant parts they contact d. Require uniform spray coverage 4. Translocated herbicides (foliar applied) a.Systemic action – absorbed through the foliage and then moves throughout the plant. Glyphosate – Roundup takes several days to see the effects

III. Herbicide Basics A. Classification by: 5. Seedling inhibitors - soil applied a.Applied to the surface and incorporated into the root zone b. Usually have good residual activity c. May have little effect on foliage B. Selectivity 1.Selective herbicides - control of weeds with little or no damage to desirable plants

III. Herbicide Basics B. Selectivity – con’t 2. Non-selective herbicide – kills or controls almost all plants 3. Selectivity – plant factors a.Structure – leaf angle, leaf size, hairiness, and thickness of the wax and cuticle b.Physiology – metabolism, detoxification, and how it interferes with vital plant growth processes

III. Herbicide Basics B. Selectivity – con’t 4. Selectivity – chemical & application factors a.Application rate – selectivity can depend on the application rate b. Formulation – granular versus spray c.Application timing – growth stage of the plant; preplant, pre emergence, or post emergence

III. Herbicide Basics B. Selectivity – con’t 5. Modes of action a.Growth regulators b. Amino acid synthesis inhibitors c.Lipid inhibitors d. Seedling growth inhibitors e. Photosynthesis inhibitors f. Cell membrane inhibitors

III. Herbicide Basics B. Selectivity – con’t 6. Environmental influences a.Soil – adsorption & absorption b. Soil Texture c.Climate Temperature Precipitation Humidity Wind

III. Herbicide Basics B. Selectivity – con’t 7. Growth stage – including; seedling, vegetative, flowering, & maturity a. Annual plants Seedling best – 100% Vegetative (usually requires more herbicide – 75% Flowering – may stop seed production - 40% Maturity – not practical – 0%

III. Herbicide Basics B. Selectivity – con’t 7. Growth stage – including; seedling, vegetative, flowering, & maturity b. Biennial plants Seedling best – 100% Rosette – 75%

III. Herbicide Basics B. Selectivity – con’t 7. Growth stage – including; seedling, vegetative, flowering, & maturity c. Perennial plants Seedling best – 100% Vegetative – 30% Early flowering – 90% Full flower – 75% Bud stage – 100% Maturity – 10% Fall regrowth – 100%

III. Herbicide Basics C. Herbicide Tolerance and Resistant Weeds 1.Difference between tolerance and resistance 2. Herbicide susceptible 3. Other methods of weed control 4. Rotation of herbicide chemical families 6. Thoroughness of applications 7. Herbicide combinations 5. Avoid higher rates a. Compatibility b. Dosages within same chemical families