Introduction: questions and remarks Questions:  What is historical fact or truth?  Is truth-seeking possible?  Can new researches, studies, and writings.

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Presentation transcript:

Introduction: questions and remarks Questions:  What is historical fact or truth?  Is truth-seeking possible?  Can new researches, studies, and writings help us understand history better?  What can we learn from new studies if they only repeat old views?  Does objectivity exist in historical writing?  Is an objective understanding of a foreign culture and history an achievable goal?  What can Chinese history and culture offer us?

Some General Remarks On Chinese history  Long recorded history Immeasurable historical events Numerous historical personages who were important players of historical theater/drama Complex development and vicissitude Full of unsolved puzzles, mixes of logos and mythos Controversies abound Idealization of some particular time periods Records about the remote past are not necessarily less factual than that of the immediate past

Previous:  Moralism and didacticism prevail  Focus on dynasties  Compartmentalization led to misinterpretation  Political Modern:  Reassessment, rewriting, and reinterpreting  Interdisciplinary: social, economic, literary, intellectual, religious, art… Historical writing and study

Literary and historical writings On Chinese culture  Culture finds its expressions in classical, historical, philosophical, and literary works  A wide array of these works are available for studying Chinese history and culture  Literary and historical works often contradict or complement each other  Historical works treat history as theatrical stage where “men” are protagonists and women subordinates  Literary works do the same, but make women much more visible, often as leading characters

literary memory Elevation of historical memory in literature  Literary works used as historical texts  Literary works supply information otherwise not found in historical sources

The Center Stage The Composition of the Stage  time, space, and characters  Early historical stage: The Warring States Period Xianyang (Xi’an), Lishan Qin Shi Huangdi  Early Dynasties: Xia, Shang, Zhou: the Three Dynasties First imperial dynasty: Qin

The Zhou Dynasty Western Zhou (1027 or 1122 BCE to 771 BCE Eastern Zhou (771BCE to 221BCE)  Spring and Autumn Period ( BCE) Duke of Zhou, Laozi, Master Kong (Confucius), Jin  The Warring States Period ( BCE): a multi-state system The Warring States Period Master Meng (Mencius), Zhuangzi, Xunzi Legalists: Guan Zhong, Han Fei, Li Si The Nomad and China  Reconciliation of the differences  War or Peace? Attack or defend?