1. Which of the following accurately describes the political conditions of the Roman Republic ?
Power rested in one, all-power whose legitimacy come from military success and conquest of new territory.
Land was the basis of wealth, and agriculture was the essential economic activity.
Power was shared among the people through direct democracy, although women and slaves had few rights
Power was centered in the Senate, where select male citizens made foreign and domestic policies,
Wealth was divided equally among citizens, and political power resided in many assemblies where all voices in the decision making process were equal. D

2. One impact of the expansion of the Roman Empire was
Efficient and profitable trade because of the safety and stability of Roman rule.
The spread of the Latin language and Roman customs around the entire Mediterranean region.
That land was divided more evenly among the people of the empire than in previous times.
An increase in the reliance on slave labor
A dramatic reduction in the gap between rich and poor.

3. The Origins of Imperial China
Ch. 4 (pp. 157 – 165)
Key Concept 2.1 The Development and Codification of Religious and Cultural Traditions
Key Concept 2.2 The Development of States and Empires
Key Concept 2.3 Emergence of Transregional Networks of Communication and Exchange
Essential Question: How did imperial China evolve under the Qin and Han Dynasties?

4. The “Warring States Period”
481 – 221 B.C.E.
Era of extreme decentralization and conflict that signaled the decline of the Zhou Dynasty
Trying to regain control of their subjects, Zhou rulers instituted legalist policies
Severe punishments administered to citizens who failed to comply with the ruler

5. The Qin Empire
By 221 B.C.E., Shi Huangdi (leader of the Qin province) was able to overrun neighboring territories
Reunited China
Issued currency
Imposed strict legalist policies

8. The Qin Empire
Shi Huangdi also began construction of the Great Wall to defend against nomads to the North
At times made offensive attacks against nomads
In response, nomads unified into the Xiongnu (a confederacy that would remain a threat to China for centuries to come)

9. The Fall of the Qin
Bitter from the strict rule of Shi Huangdi, peasants revolted & the empire again dissolved
However, by 202 B.C.E., a new province known as the Han took control of China & reunified it

10. The Long Reign of the Han, 202. B.C.E. to 220 C.E.
Han ushered in a period of peace, growth, and cultural & technological developments
Centralized government
Civil Service Exam
Confucian principles
Issued currency
Expanded the empire
Built roads & promoted trade along the Silk Road
Parts of Vietnam, Korea & Manchuria

12. The Long Reign of the Han, 202. B.C.E. to 220 C.E.
Social hierarchy consisted of:
Emperors
Governors
Nobles & the Scholar-Gentry
Farmers
Artisans & Merchants
Slaves

13. The Long Reign of the Han, 202. B.C.E. to 220 C.E.
Technological achievements
Paper
Yoke (animal harness)
At times, over production led to deforestation & soil erosion
Silk production

14. The Long Reign of the Han, 202. B.C.E. to 220 C.E.
Cultural developments
Han
Foundations of Confucian society
Veneration of ancestors continued
Introduction of Buddhism

15. The Collapse of the Han Han faced continual raids from Xiongnu
Led to economic problems & military breakdown
Natural disasters
Signaled loss of Mandate of Heaven
Gap between rich & poor grew
Widespread poverty

16. The Collapse of the Han
220 C.E., the Han Empire officially ended, ushering China into a 400 year period of political fragmentation
The “Three Kingdoms” Period