181 ENG 312: Midsemester Exam Language Awareness by Eschholz, Rosa and Clark 9 th Edition (2005), pages by Don L. F. Nilsen And Stella Hadjistassou

182 CONTRAST THE FOLLOWING Helen Keller’s epiphany vs. Malcolm X’s epiphany vs. David Raymond’s epiphany Denotation vs. Connotation Sign vs. Symbol Strong vs. Weak form of the Whorf Hypothesis Cognates vs. False Cognates

183 CONTRAST: MALE VS. FEMALE CONVERSATIONS Status vs. Support Independence vs. Intimacy Advice vs. Understanding Information vs. Feelings Orders vs. Proposals Conflict vs. Compromise

184 CONTRAST MALE VS. FEMALE LANGUAGE STRATEGIES Tag Questions Rising Intonations Hedges Indirect Language Diminutives Euphemism Politeness Phenomena

185 DEFINITIONS classical definition dead metaphor Ebonics epiphany euphemism grammatical gender morphophonemic spelling system semantic inversion

186 EXAMPLES 1 Doublespeak Euphemism Gobbledygook Inflated Language Jargon Weasel Words

187 EXAMPLES 2 Name Calling Glittering Generality Plain-Folks Appeal Stroking (Argument ad Populum) Argument ad Hominem Guilt or Glory by Association Bandwagon Faulty Cause and Effect False Analogy Begging the Question The two-Extremes Fallacy (False Dilemma) Card Stacking (Cherry Picking) Testimonial

188 EXPLANATIONS Audience, Knowledge, Attitude, Needs “Traduttore, traditore!” (The translator is a traitor) Explain the Great English Vowel Shift

189 HISTORY OF ENGLISH Contrast Old English and Modern English in terms of the following: Phonology Orthography Morphology Syntax Semantics

1810 IDENTIFICATIONS S. I. Hayakawa William Labov William Lutz Robert MacNeil George Orwell

1811 LISTINGS (5-POINTS EACH) 5 differences between Spanish and English 5 features of Nonstandard Black English 5 eponyms 5 Romance languages 5 Germanic languages 5 Slavic languages

1812 NAMES Tell what names each of the following people had after they changed their names: Frederic Austerlitz, Benjamin Kubelsky, Bernard Schwartz, Doris Von Keppelhoff, Robert Zimmerman, James Bumgardner, and Marian Michael Morrison. ANSWERS: Fred Astaire, Jack Benny, Tony Curtis, Doris Day, Bob Dylan, James Garner, and John Wayne

1813 SHORT-ANSWER ESSAY (5 POINTS) Explain the nature of slanting. Contrast levels of adequacy (prescriptive, descriptive, explanatory, evaluative) Contrast power and solidarity Contrast lecturing and listening Discuss the notion that “English is a superior language”

1814 LONG-ANSWER ESSAY (10 PTS) Explain the differences between male and female language. Explain in detail how non-standard dialects tend to be more logical than standard dialects. In detail, compare and contrast human language with the communication systems of other animals.

1815 Contrast the following kinds of truth: Empirical truth (true vs. false) Linguistic truth (tautology vs. contradiction) Metaphorical truth (apt vs. inept)

1816 !PowerPoints: HISTORY OF ENGLISH: One feature each to Contrast Old English and Modern English Phonology, Morphology, Graphology, Syntax, and Semantics HUMOR: Give 3 Features, 3 Functions, and 3 Subjects of Humor LITERARY GENRES: Give four literary genres and an example of each: PROSE STYLES--LISTING: List ten qualities of Tough, Sweet, or Stuffy Language (I choose the prose style)

1817 !!PowerPoints Continued: REGIONAL AND SOCIAL DIALECTS: Give five phonological tests that will help to determine where a person spent the first six or so years of his or her life. SEMANTIC GAPS: Be able to give an example of each of the following: Acronym, Blend, Borrowing, Clipping, Coinage, Compound, Meaning Shift, Metathesis, Part-of-Speech Change Prefixation, and Suffixation

18 !!!PowerPoints (Continued) URBAN LEGENDS (10 PTS): Tell an urban legend (5pts), and explain the dramatic devices used (5 pts) USAGE: Given sentences from the Usage handout, be able to correct those sentences. VARIES: Give an example of word marked for each of the following: V- Vocation (Jargon), A-Age, R-Region, I- Informality, E-Ethnicity, S-Sex