1. School Kids Investigating Language & Life in Society 1 February 2015 Lesson 3: Linguistic Landscapes & Levels of Linguistic Structure Teaching Fellows Anna Bax and Katie Jan

2. Vocabulary Review  Accent: The way words sound— pronunciation, emphasis, rhythm.  Dialect: A particular form of language that is spoken by a specific region or social group.  Language: Not mutually comprehensible. Recognized politically and institutionally supported.  Variety: the linguistic/scientific cover term for all three

3. Linguistic Landscapes  Where was this photo taken?  What is the photo of? What kind of public language is it? (Street sign, advertisement, billboard, etc.)  How many languages can you see?  What is the relative status of the languages? How can you tell?  Who wrote the text? Who is the intended audience?  Is (at least some of) it in another language besides English? If so, why do you think this language is included?  Is there a translation? Why/why not? Is it translated well or awkwardly? Is it even correct?  Is there anything you don’t understand?  Is there anything else that stands out to you about the use of language?

9. Markedness  Categories, identities, language  Unmarked  Thought of as “natural,” “normal,” or “ordinary,” and therefore less visible  The Panthers, a man  Marked  Thought of as somehow different than the norm  The Lady Panthers, a gay man

10. Levels of Linguistic Structure  Phonology  Morphology  Lexicon  Syntax  Intonation / Prosody

11. Phonology  Phonology = all the patterns in a language that directly involve sounds. Rules for “sound systems” of languages.  Phoneme = a single sound of a language.  Phonemes are contrastive if they can change the meaning of the words they belong to.  Kill vs. kiss vs. kick  Cat vs. rat vs. bat

12. Morphology  Morphology = rules for how “chunks” of meaning get combined into words  Morpheme = a meaningful unit of language than cannot be further divided into smaller parts.  Prefix, suffix, root.  Free morphemes can stand on their own.  Bound morphemes have to be attached to other morphemes.

13. Syntax  Syntax = the rules for combining words into sentences. Also known as “grammar.”  These rules are so natural we don’t even need to learn them - babies learn to speak their native language perfectly without ever taking an English class.  Subject Verb Object  Subject Object Verb

14. Lexicon  Lexicon = differences in vocabulary

15. Intonation / Prosody  Intonation = the patterns of stress and rhythm; the rise and fall of a voice  https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Cc7quH-i_0w https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Cc7quH-i_0w  Say the following sentence, each time stressing a different word:  I didn’t say we should kill him. How you say something affects its meaning!