Personality, 9e Jerry M. Burger © 2016 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part, except for use as permitted in a license distributed with a certain product or service or otherwise on a password-protected website for classroom use.

What is Personality? Chapter 1 © 2016 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part, except for use as permitted in a license distributed with a certain product or service or otherwise on a password-protected website for classroom use.

Chapter Outline The person and the situation Defining personality Six approaches to personality Personality and culture The study of personality: Theory, application, assessment, and research © 2016 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part, except for use as permitted in a license distributed with a certain product or service or otherwise on a password-protected website for classroom use. 1 - 3

The Person and the Situation Both the situation and the person influence behavior Individual's personality determines: How different he/she is from others How he/she behaves in the different situations © 2016 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part, except for use as permitted in a license distributed with a certain product or service or otherwise on a password-protected website for classroom use. 1 - 4

Personality Consistent behavior patterns and intrapersonal processes originating within the individual Consistent patterns of behavior To an extent, individual behavior is consistent across time and situations Intrapersonal processes Emotional, motivational, and cognitive processes that influence individual's feelings and actions © 2016 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part, except for use as permitted in a license distributed with a certain product or service or otherwise on a password-protected website for classroom use. 1 - 5

Approaches to Personality Psychoanalytic Unconscious mind is responsible for important differences in behavior styles Trait An individual lies along a continuum of various personality characteristics © 2016 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part, except for use as permitted in a license distributed with a certain product or service or otherwise on a password-protected website for classroom use. 1 - 6

Approaches to Personality Biological Inherited predispositions and physiological processes contribute to differences in personality Humanistic Personal responsibility and feelings of self-acceptance cause differences in personality © 2016 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part, except for use as permitted in a license distributed with a certain product or service or otherwise on a password-protected website for classroom use. 1 - 7

Approaches to Personality Behavioral/social learning Consistent behavior patterns are the result of conditioning and expectations Cognitive People process information to explain differences in behavior © 2016 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part, except for use as permitted in a license distributed with a certain product or service or otherwise on a password-protected website for classroom use. 1 - 8

Aggression Psychoanalytic approach’s explanation People possess an unconscious desire to self- destruct Self-destructive impulses are expressed against others in the form of aggression Aggression occurs when people are blocked from reaching their goals © 2016 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part, except for use as permitted in a license distributed with a certain product or service or otherwise on a password-protected website for classroom use. 1 - 9

Aggression Trait approach’s explanation Focusses on individual differences and the stability of aggressive behavior Aggressive children are most likely to become aggressive adults Biological approach’s explanation Genetic predisposition towards aggression Evolutionary theory © 2016 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part, except for use as permitted in a license distributed with a certain product or service or otherwise on a password-protected website for classroom use. 1 - 10

Aggression Humanistic approach’s explanation People are basically good Aggression arises when something interferes with natural growth process Inadequate basic needs, poor self-image Behavioral/social approach’s explanation People learn to be aggressive Aggressive behavior that is rewarded will be repeated © 2016 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part, except for use as permitted in a license distributed with a certain product or service or otherwise on a password-protected website for classroom use. 1 - 11

Aggression Cognitive explanation Certain cues in the environment trigger a network of aggressive thoughts and emotions © 2016 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part, except for use as permitted in a license distributed with a certain product or service or otherwise on a password-protected website for classroom use. 1 - 12

Depression Psychoanalytic approach’s explanation Depression is a result of holding unconscious feelings of anger and hostility Trait approach’s explanation Focuses on identifying depression-prone individuals Person’s general emotional level at present can indicate that person’s emotions in the future © 2016 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part, except for use as permitted in a license distributed with a certain product or service or otherwise on a password-protected website for classroom use. 1 - 13

Depression Biological approach’s explanation Certain people inherit a genetic susceptibility to depression Humanistic approach’s explanation People frequently suffering from depression are those who have low self-worth © 2016 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part, except for use as permitted in a license distributed with a certain product or service or otherwise on a password-protected website for classroom use. 1 - 14

Depression Behavioral/social approach’s explanation Depression results from a lack of positive reinforcers in a person’s life Cognitive approach’s explanation Depression depends on how people interpret their inability to control events Certain individuals use a depressive filter to interpret and process information © 2016 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part, except for use as permitted in a license distributed with a certain product or service or otherwise on a password-protected website for classroom use. 1 - 15

Personality and Culture Cultural context influences an individual’s personality Individualistic cultures: Emphasize on individual needs and accomplishments Individuals perceive themselves as independent and unique Includes Northern European countries and the United States © 2016 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part, except for use as permitted in a license distributed with a certain product or service or otherwise on a password-protected website for classroom use. 1 - 16

Personality and Culture Collectivist cultures: Emphasize on belonging to a larger group Family, tribe, or nation Includes Asian, African, Central American, and South American countries Cultural context influences interpretation of an individual's behavior © 2016 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part, except for use as permitted in a license distributed with a certain product or service or otherwise on a password-protected website for classroom use. 1 - 17

Study of Personality: Theory Genetic versus environmental influences Biological and trait theorists argue that psychologists fail to recognize the significance of inherited predispositions Psychoanalytic theorists emphasize innate needs and unconscious behavior patterns Humanistic, behavioral/social learning, and cognitive theorists rarely emphasize inherited influences on personality © 2016 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part, except for use as permitted in a license distributed with a certain product or service or otherwise on a password-protected website for classroom use. 1 - 18

Figure 1.1 - Position of the Six Approaches to Personality on Three Theory Issues © 2016 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part, except for use as permitted in a license distributed with a certain product or service or otherwise on a password-protected website for classroom use. 1 - 19

Study of Personality: Theory Conscious versus unconscious determinants of behavior Psychoanalyst view asserts that much of what people do is without awareness Behavior perspective asserts that people assume they understand the reasons for their actions but in reality they do not © 2016 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part, except for use as permitted in a license distributed with a certain product or service or otherwise on a password-protected website for classroom use. 1 - 20

Study of Personality: Theory Trait and cognitive theorists assume people can identify and report their level of social anxiety Humanistic theorists argue that people do not understand why they act the way they do © 2016 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part, except for use as permitted in a license distributed with a certain product or service or otherwise on a password-protected website for classroom use. 1 - 21

Study of Personality: Theory Free will versus determinism Behaviorists argue that behavior is not freely chosen but it is the result of environmental forces and accumulated history of experiences Psychoanalytic theorists emphasize innate needs and unconscious mechanisms Humanistic theorists identify personal choice and responsibility as the basis of mental health © 2016 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part, except for use as permitted in a license distributed with a certain product or service or otherwise on a password-protected website for classroom use. 1 - 22

Study of Personality: Theory Trait theorists and biological theorists emphasize genetic predispositions Cognitive psychotherapists encourage their clients to recognize the cause of their problems and help them to develop strategies to avoid future difficulties © 2016 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part, except for use as permitted in a license distributed with a certain product or service or otherwise on a password-protected website for classroom use. 1 - 23

Study of Personality: Application Psychoanalytic therapists attend to unconscious causes of the problem behavior Humanistic therapists provide the atmosphere for clients to explore their feelings Cognitive therapists try to change the way their clients process information © 2016 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part, except for use as permitted in a license distributed with a certain product or service or otherwise on a password-protected website for classroom use. 1 - 24

Study of Personality: Application Behaviorists structure the environment to increase the frequency of desired behaviors and decrease undesired behaviors Personality theory and research is used by psychologists in educational, organizational, and counseling settings © 2016 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part, except for use as permitted in a license distributed with a certain product or service or otherwise on a password-protected website for classroom use. 1 - 25

Study of Personality: Assessment Researchers use self-report inventories to measure personality Psychoanalytic psychologists focus on learning unconscious thoughts Require test takers to respond to ambiguous stimuli Behavioral psychologists observe behavior to determine consistent behavior patterns © 2016 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part, except for use as permitted in a license distributed with a certain product or service or otherwise on a password-protected website for classroom use. 1 - 26

Study of Personality: Research Test principles and assumptions of certain researches are central to the theory Few researches are focused on the concepts introduced by personality theory Psychology researchers employ several methods to uncover information about personality © 2016 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part, except for use as permitted in a license distributed with a certain product or service or otherwise on a password-protected website for classroom use. 1 - 27