1. Learning Theories

2. Behaviorist Learning Theory
Learning Theories
Behaviorist Learning Theory
Focus mainly on what is directly observable
View learning as a product of stimulus conditions (S) and the response (R) that follow (called the S-R Model of Learning)
Responses are closely observed then environment is manipulated to bring about the intended change
To modify people’s attitudes and responses
stimulus conditions in the environment are altered
stimulus conditions is changed after the response occurs

3. Behaviorist Learning Theory (continued)
Learning Theories
Behaviorist Learning Theory (continued)
Emphasizes observable behavior such as new skills, knowledge, attitudes, which can be demonstrated.
Observable and measurable
If the individual has change behavior he has learned.

4. Learning Theories

5. Cognitive Learning Theory
Learning Theories
Cognitive Learning Theory
Stress the importance of what goes on inside the learner
Key to learning and changing is the individual’s cognition (perception, thought, memory, and ways of processing and structuring information)
Processes involved in Cognitive learning
perceiving the information
Interpreting the information based on what is already known
recognizing the information into new insights or understanding

6. Cognitive Learning Theory (continued)
Learning Theories
Cognitive Learning Theory (continued)
Reward is not necessary for learning
Learners’ goals and expectations which create disequilibrium, imbalance, and tension that motivate learners to act are more important
Concerned with human learning in which unobservable mental processes are used to learn and remember new information or acquired skill.
Education involves assessing how a learner
attends to
processes
stores the information that is presented
Finding ways to encourage the retention and retrieval process
Errors are corrected by helping learners reprocess what needs to be learned

7. Learning Theories
Cognitive Learning Theory (continued)

8. Concepts of teaching anchored on cognitive learning theory
Learning Theories
Cognitive Learning Theory (continued)
Concepts of teaching anchored on cognitive learning theory
Discovery learning of Jerome Bruner
Individuals learns from discovery of his own environment
Reception learning of David Ausubel
Prior learning is important in order to learn new things.
Events of learning of Robert Gagne
Motivated to learn
Attention
Transfer of information
Recall of information previously stored
Feedback on their performance

9. Social learning Theory
Learning Theories
Social learning Theory
Albert Bandura
Personal characteristics of the learner, behavior patterns, and the environment.
Needs to identify what learners are perceiving and how they interpreting and responding to social situation.
Role Modelling

10. Learning Theories
Social learning Theory (continued)

11. Psychodynamic Learning Theory
Learning Theories
Psychodynamic Learning Theory
Sigmund Freud
Behavior maybe conscious or unconscious
Stressing emotions rather than cognition
Personal difficulties arise and learning is limited when individuals become fixated or stuck at an earlier stage of personality development

12. Ego defense mechanisms: Ways of protecting the self from perceived threat
Denial: ignoring or refusing to acknowledge the reality of a threat Rationalization: excusing or explaining away a threat Displacement: taking out hostility and aggression on other individuals rather than directing anger at the source of the threat Depression: keeping unacceptable thoughts, feelings, or actions from conscious awareness Regression: returning to an earlier(less mature more primitive) stage of behavior as way of coping with threat Intellectualization: minimizing anxiety by responding to a threat in a detached, abstract manner without feeling or emotion Projection: seeing one’s own unacceptable characteristics or desires in other people Reaction Formation: expressing or behaving the opposite of what is really felt Sublimation: converting repressed feelings into socially acceptable action Compensation: making up for weaknesses by excelling in the other areas

13. Humanistic Learning theory
Learning Theories
Humanistic Learning theory
Abraham Maslow
Individual is unique and have a desire to grow in a positive way
Derive from each persons needs
Transfer of learning is facilitated by curiosity, a positive self concept, and open situations in which people respect individuality and promote freedom of choice.

14. Learning Theories
Humanistic Learning theory (continued)

15. Principles Underlying Humanistic Learning Theory
Learning Theories
Humanistic Learning theory (continued)
Principles Underlying Humanistic Learning Theory
Role of educator is to be a facilitator
Learners, not educators choose what is to be learned, and within this framework educators serve as resource persons whose job is to encourage learners to make wise choices
Central focus is on learner’s perceptions, desires, and decision making
Humanistic orientation is referred to as learner-directed approach
Fostering curiosity, enthusiasm, initiative, and responsibility is much more important and primary goal of any educator