1. Personality, 9e Jerry M. Burger
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2. The Freudian Approach: Relevant Research
Chapter 4
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3. Chapter Outlines Dream interpretation Defense mechanisms Humor
Hypnosis
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4. Dream Interpretation
Notion that dreams contain hidden psychological meaning
Individual’s dreams provide clues about what’s in individual’s unconscious
Used by therapists from different perspectives as a therapeutic tool
Questions addressed in the research
What do people dream about?
Why do people dream?
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5. Dream Interpretation
Dream contains images or evokes emotions that people feel must mean something
Traditional Freudian therapist suggests that objects and people in a dream are symbols
Sexual symbols
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6. Dream Interpretation Recurrent dream
Occurs because conflict expressed in the dream is important yet remains unresolved
Occurs due to the anxiety people experience during the day
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7. Function of Dreams
Allow the symbolic expression of unconscious impulses
Provide a safe and healthy outlet for expressing unconscious conflicts
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8. REM Sleep Refers to rapid eye movement Called paradoxical sleep
Muscles are relaxed but brain activity will be similar to that of waking state
Filled with dreams
Research indicates that People deprived of REM sleep one night respond by increasing their amount of REM sleep the next night
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9. Interpreting the Evidence
Researchers produced a number of findings consistent with Freud’s speculations
Content of our dreams is not random
Dreaming serves positive psychological functions
Researchers uncovered the results that are difficult to explain within Freudian theory
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10. Defense Mechanisms Unconscious efforts to conceal painful thoughts
Repression - Cornerstone of psychoanalysis
Based on psychoanalytic approach:
Ego consists of tools to fend off anxiety and guilt
Regularly employed in life without awareness
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11. Identifying and Measuring Defense Mechanisms
Done by investigators through:
Interpreting responses to Rorschach inkblots or to stories
Using responses to Thematic Apperception Test (TAT) picture cards
Researchers developed coding systems to convert responses into scores indicating:
Extent to which test takers use various defense mechanisms
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12. Figure 4.1 - Men’s Use of Identification as a Function of Feedback
Source: Adapted from Cramer (1998b).
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13. Developmental Differences
Research indicates that young children rely on denial
Denial - Consists of disavowing certain facts, from failure to see reality to distorting one’s memory
Reduces anxiety associated with a traumatic event
Mature children find denial of facts and feelings to be ineffective
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14. Developmental Differences
Older children turn to projection to alleviate their anxieties and inward fears
Projection - Protects from threatening anxiety by attributing unacceptable thoughts and feelings to others
Use of defense mechanisms other than denial and projection indicates emotional maturity
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15. Defensive Style Individual patterns
Relying on some defense mechanisms more than others
Rationalizing away the misdeeds and mistakes
Displacing anger and projecting own suspicions and fears onto others
Tells about a person’s general well-being
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16. Defensive Style
Defense mechanism being adaptive or maladaptive depends on a function of:
How often the person relies on it
How old that person is
Anna Freud suggested that defense mechanisms are maladaptive when used past an appropriate age
Explains how people react to common sources of stress
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17. Freud’s Theory of Humor
Concerned with tendentious jokes
Provide insight into the unconscious of the joke teller and the person who laughs
Identified jokes dealing with hostility and sex
Aggressive jokes allow the expression of impulses ordinarily held in check
Laughter after a hostile or sexual joke is rarely justified by the humor content of the joke
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18. Freud’s Theory of Humor
Catharsis: Reduction of pent up tension by reaction of any means
Is a reason for laughter on jokes
People derive pleasure from many jokes because they reduce tension and anxiety
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19. Research on Freud’s Theory of Humor
Research suggests that people find aggressive and sexual themes funny
Participants rate cartoons containing aggression or sex as funnier than other cartoons
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20. Research on Freud’s Theory of Humor
Hypotheses derived from Freud’s theory of humor have been supported in empirical studies
Men and women in a study were presented with a series of hostile jokes and cartoons
Consistent with Freud’s observations, both enjoyed humor aimed at the opposite sex
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21. Reducing Aggression With Hostile Humor
Hostile humor has tension reducing capabilities
Caution should be exercised on using appropriate kind of humor when dealing with angry audience
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22. Level of Tension and Funniness
More tension people experience before a punch line, the funnier they’ll find the joke
Pleasure derived from the release of tension leads to the enjoyment of the joke
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23. Figure 4.3 - Perceived Funniness as a Function of Tension
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24. Interpreting the Findings on Freud’s Theory of Humor
People find jokes and cartoons funnier when they contain sexual and aggressive themes
People appear to enjoy hostile humor more when it is aimed at someone they dislike
Hostile humor may reduce tension
Jokes are funnier when the listener’s tension level is built up before the punch line
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25. Interpreting the Findings on Freud’s Theory of Humor
Research indicates that laughter is an effective means to combat daily tension and stressful events
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26. Hypnosis
Induction procedure in which people are told about being hypnotized and are suggested to perform certain tasks
Tasks range from simple ones used in hypnosis research to entertaining performances of stage hypnosis
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27. Applications of Hypnosis
Performing dental work without the aid of painkillers
Used by police investigators to help witnesses remember crime details
Psychotherapists use it for dealing with a wide variety of client problems
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28. Different Views on Hypnosis
Cognitive and Social Theorists
Psychoanalytic Theorists
Hypnosis taps an aspect of the human mind that is otherwise difficult to reach
Participants experience an altered state of consciousness, like sleeping
Reject the notion that hypnotized people operate under an altered state of awareness
Assert that things people do under hypnosis can be explained in terms of basic psychological processes
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29. Neodissociation Theory
Psychoanalytic view on hypnosis
Deeply hypnotized people experience a division of their conscious mind
Hypnotized part enters a type of altered state
Another part remains aware of what is going on during the hypnotic session
Acts as a hidden observer
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30. Sociocognitive Theories of Hypnosis
Challenged the notion that hypnosis involved a state of consciousness different than being awake
Concepts of expectancy, motivation, and concentration are used to account for hypnotic phenomena
Sociocognitive theorists:
Criticized hidden observer demonstrations
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31. Sociocognitive Theories of Hypnosis
Argued that the psychoanalytic position sometimes becomes circular
Countered unusual behavior under hypnosis with demonstrations of the same phenomena without hypnosis
Challenged the accuracy of the participants’ descriptions
Were skeptical of participants’ reports concerning posthypnotic amnesia
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32. Hypnotic Responsiveness
Varies amongst indiviudals
Achieved by:
Defining the situation as hypnosis
Securing cooperation and establishing trust before beginning
Freud observed that:
Hypnotizing neurotics is difficult
Insane are completely resistant to hypnosis
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33. Hypnotic Responsiveness
Predicted by an individual’s ability to become immersed in a role
Absorption
Personality trait that predicts hypnotic responsiveness
High scores indicate ability to become:
Highly involved in sensory and imaginative experiences
More responsive to hypnotic suggestions
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34. Hypnotic Responsiveness
Important variables affecting hypnotic responsiveness
Attitude
Motivation
Expectancy
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