Chapter 15 Review Antebellum Revivalism & Reform

Era of Social Change Religious revilvals Reform movements 1) women’s rights 2) education 3) literacy 4) prohibition 5) Abolition

Transcendentalism (European Romanticism) Transcendentalism (European Romanticism) eLiberation from understanding and the cultivation of reasoning.” eGo against John Locke and the idea that knowledge comes from the mind e“Transcend” the limits of intellect and allow the emotions, the SOUL, to create an original relationship with the Universe.

The Transcendentalist Agenda  Give freedom to the slave.  Give well-being to the poor and the miserable.  Give learning to the ignorant.  Give health to the sick.  Give peace and justice to society.

Transcendentailists Ralph Waldo Emerson Henry David Thoraeu Walt Whitman

Thomas Paine & Deism Age of Reason 1794 All churches set up to enslave men and make a profit Followed belief of Deism – reason over religion Believe in a supreme being but not Christ’s divinity. Followed by Jefferson & Franklin

Unitarian Faith Begins in New England Believe that God exists in only one person (uni) Does not believe in the holy trinity Belive in free will & salvation through good works. Causes a “tidal wave of spiritual fervor”.

The Second Great Awakening Reaction against liberalism The Second Great Awakening Reaction against liberalism “Spiritual Reform From Within” [Religious Revivalism] Social Reforms & Redefining the Ideal of Equality Temperance Asylum & Penal Reform Education Women’s Rights Abolition

Second Great Awakening Revival Meeting

The ranges of tents, the fires, reflecting light…; the candles and lamps illuminating the encampment; hundreds moving to and fro…;the preaching, praying, singing, and shouting,… like the sound of many waters, was enough to swallow up all the powers of contemplation. Charles G. Finney (1792 – 1895) “soul-shaking” conversion R1-2

Movements of Religious Revivals:

“Burned-Over District” Areas in New England that were overrun with preaching to a point they were “burned over” Area gave rise to Joseph Smith in Father of the Mormon faith.

The Mormons (The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-Day Saints) Joseph Smith ( )  1823  Golden Tablets  1830  Book of Mormon  1844  Murdered in Carthage, IL

Violence Against Mormons

The Mormons (The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-Day Saints)  Takes over after the death of Smith  11 days of formal education  Aggressive leader  Moves Mormons to Salt Lake City, Utah Brigham Young ( )

The Mormon “Trek”

Brigham & the Government U.S. was unable to control Brigham Young Declared himself governor in 1850 Federal troops sent in 1857 against Mormons U.S. Govermnet passes antipolygamy laws 1862 & 1882 Utah doesn’t become a state until 1896

Education Reform Schools existed mostly for the wealthy Americans realize the importance of an educated society versus one that is ignorant and able to vote. Tax-supported public schools make gains between st teachers were men Taught the “3 R’s” “ readin, ritin’ and ‘rithmethic”

“Father of American Education” Horace Mann ( )  children were clay in the hands of teachers and school officials  children should be “molded” into a state of perfection  discouraged corporal punishment  established state teacher- training programs R3-6

Educational Reform Religious Training  Secular Education  MA  always on the forefront of public educational reform * 1 st state to establish tax support for local public schools.  By 1860 every state offered free public education to whites. * US had one of the highest literacy rates.

Utopian Communities

The Oneida Community New York, 1848 John Humphrey Noyes ( ) e the 2 nd coming of Christ had already occurred.  Humans were no longer obliged to follow the moral rules of the past. all residents married to each other. carefully regulated “free love.” Praticed eugenics

The Shakers Led by Mother Ann Lee Longest lived sects 6,000 member in 1840 Died out by 1940

Robert Owen ( ) Utopian Socialist “Village of Cooperation”

Original Plans for New Harmony, IN New Harmony in 1832

New Harmony, IN

The Blithedale Romance 1852 Book inspired by New Harmony Written by Nathaniel Hawthorne Main character was based on a feminist writer Margaret Fuller

Penitentiary Reform Dorothea Dix ( ) 1821  first penitentiary founded in Auburn, NY R1-5/7

Dorothea Dix Asylum

Temperance Movement Frances Willard The Beecher Family American Temperance Society “Demon Rum”! R1-6

“The Drunkard’s Progress” From the first glass to the grave, 1846

Ten Nights on a Barroom and What I Saw There Written by T.S. Arthur in 1854 Shows how a tavern ruins a once happy village 2 nd best selling book of its time. Led to states like Maine and others in the North to outlaw the sale of intoxicating liquor.

Social Reform  Prostitution The “Fallen Woman” Sarah Ingraham ( ) e1835  Advocate of Moral Reform eFemale Moral Reform Society focused on the “Johns” & pimps, not the girls. R2-1

“Cult of Domesticity” eA woman’s “sphere” was in the home (it was a refuge from the cruel world outside). eHer role was to “civilize” her husband and family. e An 1830s MA minister: The power of woman is her dependence. A woman who gives up that dependence on man to become a reformer yields the power God has given her for her protection, and her character becomes unnatural!

Early 19c Women 1.Unable to vote. 2.Legal status of a minor. 3.Single  could own her own property. 4.Married  no control over her property or her children. 5.Could not initiate divorce. 6.Couldn’t make wills, sign a contract, or bring suit in court without her husband’s permission.

Cult of Domesticity = Slavery The 2 nd Great Awakening inspired women to improve society. Angelina GrimkéSarah Grimké e Southern Abolitionists Lucy Stone eAmerican Women’s Suffrage Assoc. eedited Woman’s Journal R2-9

Women’s Rights 1840  split in the abolitionist movement over women’s role in it. London  World Anti-Slavery Convention Lucretia Mott Elizabeth Cady Stanton 1848  Seneca Falls Declaration of Sentiments States- men and women were created equal.

What It Would Be Like If Ladies Had Their Own Way! R2-8

Abolitionist Movement  1816  American Colonization Society created (gradual, voluntary emancipation. British Colonization Society symbol

Abolitionist Movement eCreate a free slave state in Liberia, West Africa. eNo real anti-slavery sentiment in the North in the 1820s & 1830s. GradualistsImmediatists

Anti-Slavery Alphabet

William Lloyd Garrison ( ) eSlavery & Masonry undermined republican values. eImmediate emancipation with NO compensation. eSlavery was a moral, not an economic issue. R2-4

The Liberator Premiere issue  January 1, 1831 R2-5

The Tree of Slavery—Loaded with the Sum of All Villanies!

Other White Abolitionists Lewis Tappan Arthur Tappan James Birney eLiberty Party. eRan for President in 1840 & 1844.

Black Abolitionists David Walker ( ) 1829  Appeal to the Coloured Citizens of the World Fight for freedom rather than wait to be set free by whites.

Frederick Douglass ( ) 1845  The Narrative of the Life Of Frederick Douglass 1847  “The North Star” R2-12

Sojourner Truth ( ) or Isabella Baumfree 1850  The Narrative of Sojourner Truth R2-10

Harriet Tubman ( ) eHelped over 300 slaves to freedom. e$40,000 bounty on her head. eServed as a Union spy during the Civil War. “Moses”

Leading Escaping Slaves Along the Underground Railroad

The Underground Railroad

e“Conductor” ==== leader of the escape e“Passengers” ==== escaping slaves e“Tracks” ==== routes e“Trains” ==== farm wagons transporting the escaping slaves e“Depots” ==== safe houses to rest/sleep