1. Reform Movements of the 19th Century (1820-1860)

2. 1. The Second Great Awakening Also led to moral and social reforms
“Spiritual Reform From Within” [Religious Revivalism] –Charles Finney
[New Religions]
[Utopias]
Also led to moral and social reforms
Women’s
Rights
Education
Temperance
Temperance
Asylum & Penal Reform
Asylum & Penal Reform
Abolitionism

3. “The Benevolent Empire”: 1825 - 1846

4. The Shakers Believers in Christ’s Second Appearing
Mother Ann, the messiah
Separate but equal roles for men and women

5. The Mormons The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-Day Saints
Founder, Joseph Smith
Emphasized hard work, community, polygamy
Brigham Young, Salt Lake City, Utah

6. 2. Utopian Communities

7. John Humphrey Noyes (1811-1886)
Utopian Societies
Communities of Perfect societies
Over 90 communities between
The Oneida Community, NY 1848
New Harmony, IN
John Humphrey Noyes ( )

8. (European Romanticism)
3. Transcendentalism
(European Romanticism)
Part of the period of religious revival
People can transcend, rise above material things in life to reach higher level of intellect
Approach perfection when you acquire knowledge about God, themselves, and universe

9. Transcendentalist Intellectuals/Writers Concord, MA
Ralph Waldo
Emerson
Henry David
Thoreau
Nature (1832)
Resistance to Civil Disobedience (1849)
Self-Reliance (1841)
Walden (1854)
Inspiration from God through personal unification with nature
Part of Anti-slavery
movement
R3-1/3/4/5

10. 1826 - American Temperance Society “Demon Rum”!
4. Temperance Movement
American Temperance Society “Demon Rum”!
Carrie A. Nation
The Beecher Family
Francis Willard
(Leader of WCTU)
States limited alcohol, strictly licensed taverns, adopted liquor taxes
Culminates in passage of 18th A. in 1917

11. From the first glass to the grave, 1846
“The Drunkard’s Progress”
FROM THE FIRST GLASS TO THE GRAVE. STEP 1. A glass with a friend. STEP 2. A glass to keep the bold
chat. STEP 3. A glass too much. STEP 4. Drunk and riotous. STEP 5. The companions.
A partly mad drunkard. STEP 6. Poverty and disease. STEP 7.Forsaken by friends. STEP 8. Desperation and crime. STEP 9. Death by suicide.
From the first glass to the grave, 1846
Prohibition – Maine in 1846

12. Annual Consumption of Alcohol

13. Religious Training  Secular Education
5. Educational Reform
Purpose:
Religious Training  Secular Education
basic curriculum: reading, writing,
math
2. Education will improve society, morals
3. Create an education system that is more uniform throughout country, supported by state
By 1860 every state offered free public education to whites.

14. Horace Mann (1796-1859) “great equalizer”, reduce poverty, crime, etc
“children are clay in the hands of teachers and school officials” “Father of America Education” 1stSecretary of Ed in MA
“great equalizer”, reduce poverty, crime, etc
1st State: taxes for school system
Raised teacher’s salaries,
established state teacher
training programs
persuaded legislatures to
increase spending on schools
1821 1st public normal high school
6 month school year in 1839

15. Prison Reform
Punishment for crimes prior to 1800s was mostly corporal, physical punishments, fines
Reforms thought lawbreakers could be reformed –Penitentiary system was created  first penitentiary founded in Auburn, NY – to reform and return to society as productive citizens (Eastern State Pent – PA)
1820’s – NE prison reformer Josiah Quincy – sought to establish different places for juvenile correction/reform

16. 7. Abolitionist Movement
By early 1800s most northern states had
abolished slavery, hoped to end slavery in
entire country
1816  American Colonization Society created (gradual, voluntary emancipation, send freed AA
to Africa, Monrovia, Liberia

17. Mentally Ill and Penitentiary Reform
Dorothea Dix
( )
Mental ill were kept “in cages, closets, cellars, chained, naked, beaten, lashed into obedience”
Deeply religious teacher
became interested in horrible conditions women faced in MA institutions
spent 18 months visiting jails, institutions and reported on it
Result: Separate institutions in which people with mental illness would be treated humanely
R1-5/7

18. Abolitionist Movement
By 1830, it was clear that colonization was not very popular
Abolitionists began to turn to complete end of slavery
David Walker’s, The Appeal, --argueably most radical of all anti-slavery documents
“slaves, revolt against your masters”
“America is our country, we have enriched it with our blood and tears”
Gradualists
Immediatists

19. William Lloyd Garrison (1801-1879)
Slavery undermined republican values.
Immediate emancipation, attacked racial prejudice
Slavery was a sin, crime contracted both Bible and D of I
Slavery was a moral, not an economic issue.
R2-4

20. Premiere issue  January 1, 1831
The Liberator
Premiere issue  January 1, 1831
R2-5

21. Voices of the American Anti-Slavery Society (1833)
Frederick Douglass ( )
1845  The Narrative of the Life Of Frederick Douglass
1847  “The North Star” – anti-slavery
newspaper
R2-12

22. Sojourner Truth (1787-1883) or Isabella Baumfree
1850  The Narrative of Sojourner Truth
R2-10

23. Harriet Tubman (1820-1913) “Moses” Helped over 300 slaves to freedom.
$40,000 bounty on her head.
Served as a Union spy during the Civil War.
“Moses”

24. The Underground Railroad

25. The Underground Railroad
“Conductor” ==== leader of the escape
“Passengers” ==== escaping slaves
“Tracks” ==== routes
“Trains” ==== farm wagons transporting the escaping slaves
“Depots” ==== safe houses to rest/sleep

26. 8. Women’s Rights
1840  split in the abolitionist movement over women’s role in it.
Garrison call for equal rights for women troubled many moderates, who believed women’s place was in domestic sphere
“Cult of domesticity” – refuge from the cruel outside world, role is to civilize her husband and family

27. Early 19c Women Unable to vote. Legal status of a minor.
Single  could own her own property.
Married  no control over her property or her children.
Could not initiate divorce.
Couldn’t make wills, sign a contract, or bring suit in court without her husband’s permission.

28. What It Would Be Like If Ladies Had Their Own Way!

29. Cult of Domesticity = Slavery
The 2nd Great Awakening inspired women to improve society.
Lucy Stone
Sarah Grimké
Angelina Grimké
American Women’s Suffrage Assoc.
edited Woman’s Journal
Combined fight for
Abolition and Women’s Rights
R2-9

30. London- World Anti-Slavery Convention
Elizabeth Cady Stanton
Lucretia Mott
1848  Seneca Falls Declaration of Sentiments

31. Seneca Falls Convention
1st American meeting on women’s rights
300 men and women
Signed Declaration of Sentiments
Reforms included:
Right to control property for married women
Custody of children upon divorce
Right to education and college
Right to Vote – most fiercely debated issue