BIOCHEMISTRY

Elements and Atoms Matter anything that has mass & takes up space. Atoms basic building blocks of matter. Elements basic substances that can’t be broken into other substances. Molecules formed when 2 or more atoms bond. smallest unit of a cpd. Has the chemical & physical props. of the cpd. Compounds are made of atoms of different elements chemically combined.

Atoms Nucleus-center of an atom; includes protons and neutrons Cloud- surrounds nucleus; only electrons 3 subatomic particles: Protons: positive charge Neutrons: neutral/no charge Electrons: negative charge 1st level holds 2 electrons 2nd level holds 8 electrons 3rd level holds 18 electrons

Periodic Table 12 Mg Magnesium Atomic Number: Protons Atomic Symbol Name of Element Atomic Mass Number: Protons + Neutrons (Nucleus) QUESTION: What part of the atom gives the atom its mass??

Inorganic Substances Acids: substances that forms hydrogen (H) hydrogen ions in water. pH of 0-7. Bases: substance that forms hydroxide ions (OH) in water. pH scale of Salts: Inorganic substances that often contain Chlorine (but not always) Not Containing Carbon HCl H 2 SO 4 NaOH KOH NaCl MgCl 2 Exceptions: CO 2 and H 2 O

Inorganic Substances HOH So what is water?? A little bit Acidic A little bit Basic = Neutral

Cells work on a chemical level Four main types of molecules a cell uses regularly: Carbohydrates Lipids Proteins Nucleic Acids

Organic Substances/components Organic Substances – contain Carbon and Hydrogen Bio-moleculeMade of: CarbohydratesSimple sugars ProteinsAmino acids LipidsGlycerol & at lease 1 fatty acid Nucleic AcidsNucleotides (base, sugar, phosphate)

Monomer- molecule that can bond to form long chains. Here is a monomer: Polymer- a long chain of monomers Here is a polymer: Organic substances are made of units called monomers or polymers.

Carbohydrates Characteristics of Carbohydrates MonomerSimple Sugar molecules FunctionStores energy and some structures ExamplesStarch, glucose, fructose FactUsually large molecules Food sources Bread, candy, pasta, vegetables Video clips come from United Streaming: Energy and the Chemistry of Life (39:48)

Lipid Characteristics of Lipids MonomerFatty acids FunctionStores energy, forms membranes, some hormones ExamplesBody fat, cell membranes, testosterone FactLipids do not dissolve in water but do dissolve in oils Food sources Candy, red meats, fried foods, dairy products

Proteins Characteristics of Proteins Monomeramino acids FunctionMakes enzymes (metabolism), forms structures, some hormones ExamplesLactase, Insulin, hair, cartilage, muscle tissue FactAll proteins are made of the same 20 amino acids Food sources Meats, nuts, tofu

Enzymes 1. Enzymes- a) proteins used by a cell to speed up and regulate metabolic reactions b) biological catalysts; are unchanged by the reaction.

Enzymes 2. Enzymes a)proteins with a 3-D shape. b)shape determines the substrate for the enzyme c)Substrates- substances that enzymes act upon. Lipase acts on lipids. Maltase acts on maltose. Protease acts on proteins. Lactase works on. Lactose

Enzymes 3. How it works a) substrate temporarily binds to enzyme active site. b) enzyme may change shape to help substrate bind on.

Enzymes 4. Coenzymes - non-protein part of some enzymes. a) If missing, the enzyme won’t function. b) Vitamins may function as coenzymes.

Enzymes 5. The rate of enzyme activity depends 5 things o 3-D shape o Activation Energy o temperature o pH o concentration

Activation Energy

Temperature 6. Optimal temperature- temperature at which enzyme works most effectively. a) If temperature goes above or below optimal temperature, rate of enzyme action will decrease.

1.What is the optimal temperature for enzyme A? ________ 2.What is the optimal temperature for enzyme B? ________ 3.Knowing that room temperature is approximately 22 degrees Celsius, which enzyme would work best in your body? __________

pH 7.pH also affects rate of enzyme activity. a)pH scale- a measure of hydronium ions in a solution. b)Enzyme functions best at optimum pH

Bases Acids NaOH KOH OH HCl H 2 SO 4 H

pH 1.The stomach has what optimal pH for that enzyme? 2.What is the optimal pH for the enzyme found in your intestine? 3.What organic substance are both of these enzymes digesting? Gastric Protease Intestinal Protease

Concentration 8. Concentration of the enzyme affects rate of enzyme action a)Greater concentration= faster the rate of reaction; however, b)optimal concentration of enzyme gives the fastest rate of reaction

Concentration

NUCLEIC ACIDS

Nucleic Acids Characteristics of Nucleic Acids MonomerNucleotides FunctionStores genetic information, directs cell activity, makes proteins ExamplesDNA and RNA FactDNA is a double helix and RNA is a single helix Food sources Most foods made from living materials

Review Place the item in the correct box. CarbohydratesProteinsLipidsNucleic Acids