1. BASIC BIOCHEMISTRY

2. All organisms are made up of cells
Cells are made up of atoms, elements, compounds and molecules

3. Atoms The small particles that make up all matter
Matter is anything that has mass and takes up space

4. Elements A substance made up of one kind of atom
There are 92 naturally found elements on Earth

6. The 6 most important elements that are major components of our bodies are:
1. carbon
2. hydrogen
3. nitrogen
4. oxygen
5. phosphorus
6. sulfur

7. Compounds
Compounds are 2 or more elements that are combined chemically
The process is called chemical bonding

8. Molecules
The smallest particle of an element or compound

9. Organic and inorganic compounds
Living things are made up of inorganic and organic compound

10. Organic compounds
All organic compounds contain both carbon and hydrogen

11. Organic compounds carry out many different complex tasks that keep us and all other organisms alive:
Capturing and transforming energy
Building new structures
Storing materials
Repairing structures
Keeping all chemical activities in the body working properly

12. The types of organic compounds found in living things are:
Carbohydrates
Proteins
Lipids
Nucleic acids

13. Carbohydrates
Carbohydrates are formed from the elements hydrogen, oxygen, and carbon

14. Carbohydrates include
Starch
Simple sugars
Glucose
Sucrose
Fructose
the starches are broken down into sugars

17. Carbohydrates
The main functions of carbohydrates are short-term energy storage and providing strong building materials for certain types of cells
Our muscles must contain stored energy to allow them to work at a moment’s notice

18. What foods belong to the carbohydrate group?

19. Lipids The building blocks of lipids are fatty acids and glycerol
lipids are broken down into glycerides and fatty acids.

20. Functions of lipids during fasting, they provide a source of energy
Energy stored in lipids is for long-term use
Chemical messengers
to form the cell membrane
insulation and protection from cold; maintenance of body temperature
Protect vital organs
Lipids in your body are essential for proper digestion and absorption of food and nutrients

21. What foods belong to the Lipids group?
Oils and fats make up Lipids

22. Proteins
Proteins are constructed by combining smaller individual subunits called amino acids
Proteins are broken down into amino acids.

23. Proteins are responsible for a wide variety of functions and traits in organism:
1. they are used for building muscles
2. to transport other substances

24. 3. to send signals in the body
4.To provide defense[immunity]
5. to control chemical and metabolic activities

25. What foods belong to the protein group?

27. Nucleic acids
DNA and RNA are 2 kinds of nucleic acids found in living things
The function of nucleic acids are to store and communicate genetic information

28. Inorganic compounds
Compounds that do not contain both carbon and hydrogen at the same time
The principal inorganic compounds found in living things are:
Water
Salts
minerals

30. Enzymes
Enzymes are large protein molecules that controls the rate of chemical reactions in living things
Another name for enzymes are biological catalyst

31. Functions of enzymes:
Enzymes are needed in biochemical processes{chemical reactions} such as:
digestion
Synthesis
Photosynthesis
Cellular respiration

32. Enzyme facts:
A particular enzyme is needed for each type of chemical reaction

33. An enzyme speeds up the rate of chemical reactions, but the enzyme is not used up in the reaction
Only small amounts of enzymes are required for reactions within the cells because enzymes are reused

35. Each enzyme has a specific shape and specific function
The shape of the substrate must fit exactly into the shape of the enzyme

36. Once the pieces fit, now the enzyme can do its job
This “fitting” is called the LOCK AND KEY MODEL

40. TEST QUESTION
Explain why changing the shape of an enzyme could affect the ability of the enzyme to function:
— Shape determines the enzyme’s function.

41. Internal environmental factors that influence the rate of enzyme action:
1. the shape of the enzyme
2.temperature
3. pH

42. 1. Shape of the enzyme The enzyme must have a specific shape
The substrate must fit exactly into the enzyme so the enzyme can do its work

43. 2. temperature
Enzymes have an optimal temperature[best temperature] at which they can work and produce the highest enzyme activity

44. Enzymes in the human body work best at the optimal temperature of 37°C
If the body temperature is above 37°C, the enzyme activity decreases and then the enzyme changes the shape or breaks apart and won’t work properly; the enzyme denatures

45. At very cold temperatures, molecules move more slowly, reducing the frequency of enzyme-substrate collisions and therefore decreasing enzyme activity.
if temperatures are increased after freezing, enzyme activity will be restored

47. 3. pH{potential hydrogen}
pH is a scale that measures whether a substance is acid, base or neutral

48. Just like enzymes have an optimal temperature, enzymes also have an optimal pH at which they can work best and produce the fastest rate of reactions

51. More test questions
1. Identify 2 internal environmental factors that directly influence the rate of enzyme action:
— temperature
— pH
— shape of the enzyme
— substrate

52. 2. State what would most likely happen to the rate of enzyme action if the temperature were reduced by 10 degrees:
3. State what would most likely happen to the shape of enzyme if the temperature were increased by 10 degrees: