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Inorganic Chemistry Atoms – Smallest unit of matter Elements – Different types of matter –92 in nature, 15 in life, 4 major elements in life Molecules – 2 or more atoms ex) H 2, O 2, N 2 Compounds – 2 or more elements ex) H 2 O
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Atomic Structure Particles – protons +, electrons -, neutrons n Nucleus – contains protons & neutrons Energy levels – electrons orbit nucleus –1 st – 2 electrons max –2 nd – 8 electrons max –3 rd – 8 electrons max
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Characteristics of atoms Atomic Number - # of Protons = # of Electrons Atomic Mass - # Protons + # Neutrons What atoms like to be….. 1) Neutral 2) Full outer energy level
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Elements of Life Hydrogen – 1 proton, 0 neutrons, 1 electron –1 outer electron (1 needed) Carbon – 6 protons, 6 neutrons, 6 electrons –4 outer electrons (4 needed) Nitrogen – 7 protons, 7 neutrons, 7 electrons –5 outer electrons (3 needed) Oxygen – 8 protons, 8 neutrons, 8 electrons –6 outer electrons (2 needed)
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Electron Configuration
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Isotopes Different forms or the same element – Carbon 14 vs. Carbon 12 –Hydrogen 2 or 3 vs. Hydrogen 1 –Nitrogen 15 vs. Nitrogen 14 –Oxygen 18 vs. Oxygen 16 Tracers – use of radioisotopes to trace chemical pathways in living things.
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Isotopes
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Chemical Bonding Covalent Bonds Ionic Bonds Hydrogen Bonds
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Covalent Bonding Covalent bonding – sharing electron pairs Single – share 1 pr. of electrons (H 2 ) Double – share 2 prs. of electrons (O 2 ) Triple – share 3 prs. of electrons (N 2 )
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Methane
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Polar Covalent Bonds Unequal sharing of the electrons creates partial charges on the molecule –Ex) Water Hydrogen bonds form between partial positive and negative charges on atoms
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Ionic Bonding Ionic bonding – transfer of electrons from one atom to another atom. –Ex) NaCl - Na+ & Cl- Ions – charged atoms or groups of atoms
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Ionic Bonds
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Salt dissolves in water
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Organic Chemistry Compounds found in living things. Contain C,H,O, but based on carbon. Form long chains, branched chains, rings. 4 Types: Carbohydrates Proteins Lipids Nucleic Acids
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Carbohydrates Characteristics Contain C, H, O & H:O ratio = 2:1 Primary energy source for living things. Form ring structures Names end in –ose.
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Carbohydrates Building Blocks Monosaccharide ex) Glucose – C 6 H 12 O 6 Galactose, Fructose Isomers – Different forms of the same molecule Disaccharide ex) Maltose, Lactose, Sucrose C 12 H 22 O 11 Dehydration Synthesis – Remove water to make a larger molecule. Polysaccharide ex) Starch, Cellulose, Glycogen
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Monosaccharides
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Dehydration Synthesis
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Lipids Characteristics Contain C,H,O, but much less oxygen Cell membranes, secondary energy source Lipids are NOT soluble in water Common examples: Fats, oils, waxes
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Lipids Building Blocks Glycerol + 3 Fatty Acids Glycerol has 3 –OH groups Fatty Acids have –COOH group Dehydration Synthesis removes 3 waters.
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Lipid formation
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Fatty Acid Chains Saturated –Maximum # of hydrogen atoms Unsaturated –1 double bond, 2 less hydrogens Polyunsaturated –Many double bonds, much fewer hydrogens Cholesterol – forms from saturated F.A.’s
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Fatty Acid Chains
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Proteins Characteristics Contain C,H,O,N (S) Cell structures, pigments, hormones, antibodies, contractile materials, enzymes. Forms: helixes, folded chains, globular. Names end in _______.
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Proteins Building Blocks Amino Acids – 20 different types Central carbon atom Amino group –NH 2 Acid Group –COOH Single Hydrogen 20 different ® groups
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Charged Amino Acids
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Polar & Special Amino Acids
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Hydrophobic Amino Acids
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Proteins Dipeptide – 2 Amino acids Dehydration synthesis forms peptide bond. Polypeptide – many amino acids.
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Dehydration Sysnthesis
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4 levels of structural organization 1) Order of amino acids 2) Initial folding (helix, sheets) 3) Folding of folds (globular) 4) Multiple polypeptide chains together 3-D shape determines protein function Hydrogen bonds hold molecule in it’s shape
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3.5 – Part 1 Figure 3.5 – Part 1 figure 03-05a.jpg
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3.5 – Part 2 Figure 3.5 – Part 2 figure 03-05b.jpg
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Enzymes Proteins that act as catalysts to speed up chemical reactions in a cell. Active Site – reaction part of enzyme. Substrate – substance enzyme acts on. Lock & key theory – substrate exactly fits into enzyme active site to perform reaction. Enzyme is not affected by the reaction.
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Characteristics of Enzymes Enzymes are Reusable. Only need a little. Work best at an Optimal Temperature. Work best at an Optimal pH. Rate depends on concentration of both the enzyme and the substrate. Co-enzymes assist enzyme action. Most work inside cells, some outside.
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