Cow

The cow is the most common type of large domesticated ungulates The cow is the most common type of large domesticated ungulates. They are a prominent modern member of the subfamily Bovinae, are the most widespread species of the genus Bos, and are most commonly classified collectively as Bos primigenius. Classification Animalia Phylum: Chordata Class: Mammalia Subclass: Theria Infraclass: Eutheria Order: Artiodactyla Family: Bovidae Subfamily: Bovinae Genus: Bos Species: B. primigenius Subspecies: B. p. taurus, B. p. indicus Cattle are raised as livestock for meat (beef and veal), as dairy animals for milk and other dairy products, and as draft animals (oxen / bullocks) (pulling carts, plows etc). Other products include leather and dung for manure or fuel. It is estimated that there are 1.3 billion cattle in the world today. The gestation period for a cow is nine months. Breeding stock usually live to about 15 years (occasionally as much as 25 years). Cattle are ruminants which means that they have a digestive system that allows use of otherwise indigestible foods by regurgitating and rechewing them as "cud". The cud is then re-swallowed and further digested by specialized microorganisms in the rumen.   http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cow

Skeleton of a Cow Thoracic vertebrae Cervical vertebrae Cornual Process Frontal Zygomatic Lacrimal Nasal Incisive Maxilla Mandible Scapula Shoulder Humerus Elbow Radius Carpus Metacarpus Phalanges 3 2 1 4 5 6 7 9 11 8 10 12 13 14 19 15 16 17 18 Frandson, R.D; Wilke, W.E. And Fails, A.D. (2009) Anatomy and Physiology of Farm Animals, 7th Edition, Wiley-Blackwell, USA.

Cow Skeleton Lumber vertebrae Thoracic vertebrae Scapula Shoulder 1 2 Lumber vertebrae Thoracic vertebrae Scapula Shoulder Humerus Elbow Ulna Costal cartilages Radius Carpus Metacarpus Phalanges 13th Rib Stifle joint 3 4 5 6 7 9 8 14 13 10 11 Frandson, R.D; Wilke, W.E. And Fails, A.D. (2009) Anatomy and Physiology of Farm Animals, 7th Edition, Wiley-Blackwell, USA. 12

Skeleton of a Cow Caudal vertebrae Sacral vertebrae Lumber vertebrae 4 Caudal vertebrae Sacral vertebrae Lumber vertebrae Thoracic vertebrae Ilium Pubis Femur Patella Fibula Tibia Metacarpal bones Metacarpus Phalanges Tarsus (hock) Ischium 3 2 1 15 5 6 7 9 14 8 10 11 12 13 Frandson, R.D; Wilke, W.E. And Fails, A.D. (2009) Anatomy and Physiology of Farm Animals, 7th Edition, Wiley-Blackwell, USA.

Skull of a cow Cornual Process Frontal bone Zygomatic arch Orbit Lacrimal bone Zygomatic bone Nasal bone Maxilla Incisive Incisors Mental foramen Infraorbital foramen Mandible External acoustic meatus Paracondylar process Atlas Temporal bone 1 17 2 16 4 3 5 6 7 8 9 14 15 10 13 11 Frandson, R.D; Wilke, W.E. And Fails, A.D. (2009) Anatomy and Physiology of Farm Animals, 7th Edition, Wiley-Blackwell, USA. 12

Skeleton of a cow Ilium Ischium Tuber Ischi Femur Tibia Tuber Calcaneus Metatarsus Phalanges Caudal (18-20) 9 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 http://www.osovo.com/diagram/cowsanatomydiagram.htm

Skeleton of a cow Cornual Process Frontal Supraorbital Foramen 2 Cornual Process Frontal Supraorbital Foramen Zygomatic Lacrimal Nasal Maxilla Scapula Shoulder Humerus Elbow Radius Carpus Metacarpus Phalanges Incisive Facial Tuber 3 1 4 5 17 6 1 7 16 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 Frandson, R.D; Wilke, W.E. And Fails, A.D. (2009) Anatomy and Physiology of Farm Animals, 7th Edition, Wiley-Blackwell, USA.

1. 2. 3. 4. 6. 5. 7. 1. 17. 8. 16. 9. 10. 15. 14. 13. 11. 12. 1. Bony orbit 2. Orbit 3. Frontal bone 4. Lacrimal bone 5. Zygomatic bone 6. Nasal bone 7. Maxilla 8. Infraorbital foramen 9. Mental foramen 10. Body of mandible 11. Facial tuberosity 12. Fossa for lacrimal sac 13. Ramus of mandible 14. Articular process of mandible 15. Temporal meatus 16.Paracondylar process of occipital bone 17. Coronoid process of mandible

1. 1. Nuchal crest 2. External auditory meatus 3. Jugular process 4. Foramen magnum 5. Occipital condyle 2. 5. 3. 4.

1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 8. Supraorbital groove Orbit Frontal bone Nasal bone Incisive bone Maxilla Lacrimal Intercornual protuberance 7. 6.

11. 10. 1. 2. 3. 9. 8. 7. 6. 5. 4. 1. Perpendicular plate of the palatine bone 2. Horizontal plate of the palatine bone 3. Palatine process 4. Presphenoid bone 5. Zygomatic bone 6. External auditory meatus 7. Basilar occipital bone 8. Occipital condyle 9. Jugular and paracondylar process 10. Tympanic bulla 11. Muscular process