© Prentice Hall 2008 Pearson Education, Inc Upper Saddle River, NJ Criminal Justice: A Brief Introduction, 7E by Frank Schmalleger 1 Prisons and Jails

© Prentice Hall 2008 Pearson Education, Inc Upper Saddle River, NJ Criminal Justice: A Brief Introduction, 7E by Frank Schmalleger 2 Currently 2.3 million people incarcerated in the U.S. That is 1 in every 198 U.S. citizens. Today’s Inmate Population

© Prentice Hall 2008 Pearson Education, Inc Upper Saddle River, NJ Criminal Justice: A Brief Introduction, 7E by Frank Schmalleger 3 Prisons  A prison is a state or federal confinement facility that has custodial authority over adults sentenced to confinement.

© Prentice Hall 2008 Pearson Education, Inc Upper Saddle River, NJ Criminal Justice: A Brief Introduction, 7E by Frank Schmalleger 4 Prisons Today: Numbers and Types of Prisons Approximately  1,325 state prisons  84 federal prisons On January 1, 2006, state and federal prisons held 1,461,132 inmates. (Almost 7% of those imprisoned were women.)

© Prentice Hall 2008 Pearson Education, Inc Upper Saddle River, NJ Criminal Justice: A Brief Introduction, 7E by Frank Schmalleger 5 U.S. Prison Population: Source: Bureau of Justice Statistics

© Prentice Hall 2008 Pearson Education, Inc Upper Saddle River, NJ Criminal Justice: A Brief Introduction, 7E by Frank Schmalleger 6 Prisons Today: Sentences In state prisons:  52% are violent criminals  21% are property criminals  20% are drug law violators In federal prisons:  55% are drug law violators

© Prentice Hall 2008 Pearson Education, Inc Upper Saddle River, NJ Criminal Justice: A Brief Introduction, 7E by Frank Schmalleger 7 Prisons Today: Race  The rate of imprisonment for African- American males is seven times greater than that of white males.  Bureau of Justice Statistics states that a black male in America has a 32.3% lifetime chance of going to prison; white males have a 5.9% chance. Why?

© Prentice Hall 2008 Pearson Education, Inc Upper Saddle River, NJ Criminal Justice: A Brief Introduction, 7E by Frank Schmalleger 8 Rates of Imprisonment in the United States Source: Paige M. Harrison and Allen J. Beck, Prisoners in 2004 (Washington, D.C.: Bureau of Justice Statistics, 2005).

© Prentice Hall 2008 Pearson Education, Inc Upper Saddle River, NJ Criminal Justice: A Brief Introduction, 7E by Frank Schmalleger 9 Just Deserts  “Get tough” attitudes based on the justice (just deserts) model.  Emphasizes individual responsibility and punishment  Imprisonment is a fully deserved consequence of criminal behavior. “If you can’t do the time, don’t do the crime.” The “get tough on crime” attitude has led to overcrowded conditions.

© Prentice Hall 2008 Pearson Education, Inc Upper Saddle River, NJ Criminal Justice: A Brief Introduction, 7E by Frank Schmalleger 10 Overcrowded Prisons  Employee Unions for Correctional Staff are thought of as a contributing factor to overcrowding.  Push for tougher penalties  Lobby for longer sentences  Creates more jobs + more union members  Job Security Overcrowding is a political issue.

© Prentice Hall 2008 Pearson Education, Inc Upper Saddle River, NJ Criminal Justice: A Brief Introduction, 7E by Frank Schmalleger 11 Overcrowded Prisons  Prison capacity—the size of the correctional population an institution can effectively hold. There are three types of prison capacity:  Rated  Operational  Design  Rhodes v. Chapman (1981)—overcrowding is not by itself cruel and unusual punishment. Overcrowding is a serious issue.

© Prentice Hall 2008 Pearson Education, Inc Upper Saddle River, NJ Criminal Justice: A Brief Introduction, 7E by Frank Schmalleger 12 Selective Incapacitation  Selective incapacitation:  Is a strategy to reduce prison population  Seeks to identify the most dangerous offenders and remove them from society  Is reflected by career offender statutes (i.e. 3 Strikes)

© Prentice Hall 2008 Pearson Education, Inc Upper Saddle River, NJ Criminal Justice: A Brief Introduction, 7E by Frank Schmalleger 13 There are three security levels: 1.Maximum 2.Medium 3.Minimum The typical American prison is medium or minimum custody...\..\..\WESTEC\CDC-Orientation.ppt Security Levels in State Prison Systems

© Prentice Hall 2008 Pearson Education, Inc Upper Saddle River, NJ Criminal Justice: A Brief Introduction, 7E by Frank Schmalleger 14 Most maximum security institutions tend to be massive old buildings with a large inmate population, including all death row inmates. They provide a high level of security with:  High fences/walls of concrete  Several barriers between living area  Secure cells  Armed Officers  Gun towers  Cat Walks Maximum Security

© Prentice Hall 2008 Pearson Education, Inc Upper Saddle River, NJ Criminal Justice: A Brief Introduction, 7E by Frank Schmalleger 15 Medium-security prisons are similar in design to maximum-security facilities; however, they:  Usually have more windows.  Tend to have barbed wire fences instead of large stone walls.  Sometimes use dormitory style housing.  Allow inmates more freedom to move about.  Rely on a “count” mechanism. Medium Security

© Prentice Hall 2008 Pearson Education, Inc Upper Saddle River, NJ Criminal Justice: A Brief Introduction, 7E by Frank Schmalleger 16 In minimum security prisons:  Housing tends to be dormitory style.  Prisoners usually have freedom of movement within the facility.  Work is done under general supervision only.  Guards are unarmed, and gun towers do not exist.  Fences, if they exist, are low and sometimes unlocked.  Prisoners are sometimes allowed to wear their own clothes. Minimum Security

© Prentice Hall 2008 Pearson Education, Inc Upper Saddle River, NJ Criminal Justice: A Brief Introduction, 7E by Frank Schmalleger 17 Classification systems determine which custody level to assign an inmate to. Assignments are based on:  Offense history  Assessed dangerousness  Perceived risk of escape  Other factors Inmates may move among the security levels depending on their behavior. Internal classification systems determine placement and program assignment within an institution. Prison Classification System

© Prentice Hall 2008 Pearson Education, Inc Upper Saddle River, NJ Criminal Justice: A Brief Introduction, 7E by Frank Schmalleger 18 The Federal Prison System

© Prentice Hall 2008 Pearson Education, Inc Upper Saddle River, NJ Criminal Justice: A Brief Introduction, 7E by Frank Schmalleger 19 The Federal Prison System The Federal Bureau of Prisons was established in 1930 to provide more progressive and humane care for Federal inmates, to professionalize the prison service, and to ensure consistent and centralized administration of the 11 Federal prisons in operation at the time.

© Prentice Hall 2008 Pearson Education, Inc Upper Saddle River, NJ Criminal Justice: A Brief Introduction, 7E by Frank Schmalleger 20 Today’s federal prison system consists of:  119 institutions  6 regional offices  The Central office (headquarters)  2 staff training centers  22 residential re-entry centers The Bureau is responsible for the custody and care of approximately 219,000 Federal offenders. BOP employees 38,000 people. Today’s Federal Prison System

© Prentice Hall 2008 Pearson Education, Inc Upper Saddle River, NJ Criminal Justice: A Brief Introduction, 7E by Frank Schmalleger 21 Source: Federal Bureau of Prisons Federal BOP Facilities, 2006

© Prentice Hall 2008 Pearson Education, Inc Upper Saddle River, NJ Criminal Justice: A Brief Introduction, 7E by Frank Schmalleger 22 There are five security levels. 1.Administrative maximum (ADMAX) 2.High security (U.S. penitentiaries) 3.Medium security (federal correctional institutions) 4.Low security (federal correctional institutions) 5.Minimum security (federal prison camps) Additionally, there are administrative facilities, like metropolitan detention centers (MDCs…the “jails” of federal system) and medical centers for federal prisoners (MDFPs). Federal Prison System Classification System

© Prentice Hall 2008 Pearson Education, Inc Upper Saddle River, NJ Criminal Justice: A Brief Introduction, 7E by Frank Schmalleger 23 Federal correctional facilities exist either as single institutions or as federal correctional complexes (FCCs)—sites consisting of more than one type of correctional institution. Example: FCC at Allenwood, PA. (consists of one U.S. penitentiary and two federal correctional institutions (one low and one medium security). Federal Correctional Complexes

© Prentice Hall 2008 Pearson Education, Inc Upper Saddle River, NJ Criminal Justice: A Brief Introduction, 7E by Frank Schmalleger 24 Administrative Maximum (ADMAX) In 1995, the federal government opened its one and only ADMAX prison in Colorado:  Ultra-high security  575 bed capacity  Inmates confined to cells 23 hours per day  Inmates cannot associate with one another  Called “the Alcatraz of the Rockies”  Holds mob bosses, spies, terrorists murderers, escape artists, etc.

© Prentice Hall 2008 Pearson Education, Inc Upper Saddle River, NJ Criminal Justice: A Brief Introduction, 7E by Frank Schmalleger 25 Jails

© Prentice Hall 2008 Pearson Education, Inc Upper Saddle River, NJ Criminal Justice: A Brief Introduction, 7E by Frank Schmalleger 26  Jails—locally operated, short-term confinement facilities.  Original purpose—confinement of suspects following arrest and awaiting trial.  Current use—confinement of those convicted of misdemeanors and some felonies, as well as holding suspects following arrest and awaiting trial. Jails

© Prentice Hall 2008 Pearson Education, Inc Upper Saddle River, NJ Criminal Justice: A Brief Introduction, 7E by Frank Schmalleger 27  Hold pretrial detainees  Readmit probation, parole, and bail-bond violators  Temporarily detain juveniles, the mentally ill, and others pending transfer to appropriate facilities  Hold individuals for the military, for protective custody, for contempt, and for the courts as witnesses  Release convicted inmates to the community upon completion of their sentences  Transfer inmates to federal, state, and other authorities  House inmates for federal, state, or other authorities because of overcrowding in their facilities  Operate community-based programs with day reporting, home detention, electronic monitoring, or other types of supervision  Hold inmates sentenced to short terms (generally under one year) Jails Today

© Prentice Hall 2008 Pearson Education, Inc Upper Saddle River, NJ Criminal Justice: A Brief Introduction, 7E by Frank Schmalleger 28 Jails Annually, 20 million people go to jail. A 2011 report by the Bureau of Justice Statistics found that the nation’s jails held 735,601 inmates.  13% (+ / -) women  61% involved in the trial process (not convicted)

© Prentice Hall 2008 Pearson Education, Inc Upper Saddle River, NJ Criminal Justice: A Brief Introduction, 7E by Frank Schmalleger 29 Jails There are 3,360 jails in the United States  Most jails are small, designed to hold 50 or fewer inmates.  Some jails are very big, like “mega-jails” in LA and NYC.  6% of all jails hold over 50% of all prisoners. Jail Weapons Contraband Jail Weapons Contraband

© Prentice Hall 2008 Pearson Education, Inc Upper Saddle River, NJ Criminal Justice: A Brief Introduction, 7E by Frank Schmalleger 30 Jails Most people process through jails are members of minority groups:  40.1% African American  18.5% Hispanic  36% Caucasian Typical charges:  12.1% drug trafficking  11.7% assault  10.8% drug possession  7% larceny

© Prentice Hall 2008 Pearson Education, Inc Upper Saddle River, NJ Criminal Justice: A Brief Introduction, 7E by Frank Schmalleger 31 Current Issues Facing Jails

© Prentice Hall 2008 Pearson Education, Inc Upper Saddle River, NJ Criminal Justice: A Brief Introduction, 7E by Frank Schmalleger 32  Women comprise 13% of the jail population.  They are the largest growth group nationwide. Why?  Women face a number of special problems, including:  Inadequate classification systems  Lack of separate housing  Low educational levels  Substance abuse  Pregnancy  Motherhood  Inadequate substantive medical programs Women and Jail

© Prentice Hall 2008 Pearson Education, Inc Upper Saddle River, NJ Criminal Justice: A Brief Introduction, 7E by Frank Schmalleger 33 Many jails are old and overcrowded. - By the end of 1980s, many jails were so overcrowded that court-ordered caps forced some early releases. - At midyear 2005, national jail occupancy was at 95% rated capacity, with some individual facilities being desperately overcrowded. -At midyear 2011, 89% rated capacity Prison Realignment… Cell Extraction w/ Pepper Ball Cell Extraction w/ Pepper Ball Growth of Jails

© Prentice Hall 2008 Pearson Education, Inc Upper Saddle River, NJ Criminal Justice: A Brief Introduction, 7E by Frank Schmalleger 34 A new jail architecture and management strategy is called direct supervision. These jails:  Use a system of pods or modular self-contained housing areas  Have a more open environment, using Plexiglas instead of thick walls to separate areas  Use softer furniture  May use “rooms” instead of cells Direct Supervision Jails

© Prentice Hall 2008 Pearson Education, Inc Upper Saddle River, NJ Criminal Justice: A Brief Introduction, 7E by Frank Schmalleger 35 Direct supervision jails  Reduce inmate dissatisfaction  Deter rape and violence  Decrease suicide and escape attempts  Eliminate barriers to staff-inmate interaction  Give staff greater control (?) Why Aggressive Inmates Why Aggressive Inmates  Improve staff morale  Reduce lawsuits Benefits of Direct Supervision Jails

© Prentice Hall 2008 Pearson Education, Inc Upper Saddle River, NJ Criminal Justice: A Brief Introduction, 7E by Frank Schmalleger 36 A private prison is a correctional institution operated by a private firm on behalf of the government. The movement toward greater use of private prisons began in the 1980s.  By 2005, private prisons held 5.6% of all state and 13.7% of all federal prisoners.  Private prisons operate in 34 stated and the District of Columbia. Privatization

© Prentice Hall 2008 Pearson Education, Inc Upper Saddle River, NJ Criminal Justice: A Brief Introduction, 7E by Frank Schmalleger 37 Private prisons can:  Reduce overcrowding  Lower operating expenses – (Lower Rate of Pay)  Avoid lawsuits – “Indemnification” to govt. Benefits of Privatization