1. Chapter 10
Incarceration

2. Incarceration Links to The Past The Goals of Incarceration
Organization for Incarceration
Federal Bureau of Prisons
State Prison Systems
The Design and Classification of Prisons
Today's Designs
The Location of Prisons
Private Prisons
Who is in Prison?
Elderly Prisoners
Prisoners with HIV/AIDS
Mentally ill Prisoners

3. The Goals of Incarceration
Three models of incarceration have predominated since the early 1940s: custodial, rehabilitation, and reintegration. Each is associated with one style of institutional organization.
Custodial model
A model of correctional institutions that emphasizes security, discipline and order
Rehabilitation model
A model of correctional institutions that emphasizes the provision of treatment programs designed to reform the offender.
Reintegration model
A model of correctional institutions that emphasizes maintenance of the offender’s ties to family and the community as a method of reform, in recognition of the fact that the offender will be returning to the community.

4. Characteristics of Federal Prison Inmates in 2005

5. “classification”
process by which prisoner is categorized regarding security & treatment needs & is assigned to custody level (i.e., prison), supervision level (within prison), & treatment programs
Ideally, based on psychology, education, vocational, health, other needs
classification determines:
prison site
housing assignment
work assignment
availability of treatment programs
good time available (e.g., Colorado)
today: classification = f (RISK)!

6. 3 models of incarceration
custodial
emphasizes security, discipline, order
dominates maximum security prisons
rehabilitation
emphasizes provision of treatment programs designed to reform the offender
developed in 1950s; out of favor today
reintegration
emphasizes maintenance of the offender’s ties to family & community as a method of reform, recognizing that the offender will be returning to community
linked to community corrections

7. main designs of US prisons

8. Prison security levels: a caveat
there are no national design or classification “standards” regarding different levels of security.
a “maximum” security prison in one state may appear much like a “medium” security prison in another.
prison crowding has further blurred the distinction between maximum & medium security prisons, even within a state.

9. “maximum security”
prison designed, organized, & operated to minimize the possibility of escapes & violence; imposes strict limitations on the movement & freedom of inmates & visitors

10. “medium security”
prison designed, organized, & operated to prevent escapes & violence, but in which restrictions on inmates & visitors are less rigid than in maximum security facilities

11. “minimum security”
prison designed, organized, & operated to permit inmates & visitors as much freedom as is consistent with the concept of incarceration

12. the “super-max”
created to house the “worst of the worst”--incorrigible, violent, assaultive, disruptive inmates, & prison gang members-- who require close & constant supervision
house 100,000 men (8 -10% of total in custody)
created by federal government; 38 states
Administrative Maximum Facility (ADX) Florence, Colorado
Pelican Bay State Prison (SHU)
Northern Correctional Institute -- Connecticut

13. “race”
traditionally, a biological concept used to distinguish humankind into categories related to skin color & other physical features

14. “ethnicity”
concept used to distinguish people according to their cultural characteristics - language, religion, & group traditions
ethnicity can be used to further distinguish not only among white individuals, but among African Americans, as well.
it can also be used to even further subdivide Hispanics.

15. MYTHS IN CORRECTIONS
The Myth: Supermax prisons house the most hardened inmates who prey on prison staff and other inmates.
The Reality: Although inmates in supermax facilities may, on average, commit more rule infractions, it is important to consider the factors that influence such behaviors. Research shows that a nontrivial number of young inmates purposefully violate prison rules so they can be sent to supermax to escape real or perceived problems in general population. Another sizable group of inmates in supermax are seriously mentally ill and engage in unpredictable and extremely bizarre behavior, which sometimes entails violence.

16. new prison populations with special problems or needs
“new” populations
prisoners with HIV/AIDS
mentally ill prisoners
elderly prisoners
prisoners with long terms

17. Evolution of Private prisons: “own a piece of the rock-pile”
today:
$1 billion annual operation!
Marion Adjustment Center
1st privately owned & operated facility for adult felons, 1986
Kentucky
US Corrections Corp.
Intensive Treatment Unit
Weaversville, Pennsylvania --1st privately operated secure correctional facility, 1975
20-bed, high security
dormitory-style
training school
juvenile delinquents
RCA Corporation
non-profit organizations
1960s
halfway houses
group homes
juvenile care
work release

18. private prisons the key players
Corrections Corporation of America
Wackenhut Corrections
Corporation
3/4 of the market
the business of private prisons:
launched in 1980s, spurred by massive state prison boom
$1 billion yearly operation in U.S.
158 private prisons in U.S.
119,813 adults incarcerated in private prisons in U.S.

19. models for public/private control of corrections
ownership
operating
authority

20. issues for private corrections
costs & profitability
offender types
liability & accountability
ethics & politics
level of services
compliance with state law
employment, training, & salaries