1. CRIMINAL JUSTICE TODAY, 9E PRENTICE HALL By Frank Schmalleger ©2007 Pearson Education, Inc. 1 Welcome to Unit 9!! Unit 9

2. Unit 8 Recap Graded items: 1.Discussion Board 2.Seminar 3.Quiz CRIMINAL JUSTICE TODAY, 9E PRENTICE HALL By Frank Schmalleger ©2007 Pearson Education, Inc. 2

3. Unit 9 Graded items: 1.Seminar 2.Final Essay Paper CRIMINAL JUSTICE TODAY, 9E PRENTICE HALL By Frank Schmalleger ©2007 Pearson Education, Inc. 3

4. Unit 10 – No Seminar Graded items 1.Discussion Board 2.Quiz CRIMINAL JUSTICE TODAY, 9E PRENTICE HALL By Frank Schmalleger ©2007 Pearson Education, Inc. 4

5. Unit 9 Final Essay Paper The US correctional system can serve two specific functions in relation to criminal offenders. First, it can serve as a tool for punishing the offender and making the offender pay for his/her crimes. Second, it can serve as a means to rehabilitating the offender and preparing him/her for successful reentry into society. CRIMINAL JUSTICE TODAY, 9E PRENTICE HALL By Frank Schmalleger ©2007 Pearson Education, Inc. 5

6. Unit 9 paper cont. Assignment Write a 3-page paper that answers all 3 of the following questions: 1.How does our correctional system punish offenders? 2.How does our correctional system rehabilitate offenders? 3.Which method is more effective in reducing crime, punishment or rehabilitation? Explain your choice. CRIMINAL JUSTICE TODAY, 9E PRENTICE HALL By Frank Schmalleger ©2007 Pearson Education, Inc. 6

7. Unit 9 sources You are required to use at least 2 references for this paper. One reference can be your text from this class and the other reference should come from the Kaplan library. Be sure to list your sources on your reference page. CRIMINAL JUSTICE TODAY, 9E PRENTICE HALL By Frank Schmalleger ©2007 Pearson Education, Inc. 7

8. Unit 9 paper cont. Your paper must follow this format: Page 1 – Cover page Pages 2, 3 and 4 – Body of text Page 5 – Reference page Please remember to write a full 3 pages for your body of text. Your paper should be written in Times New Roman size 12 font and double spaced. CRIMINAL JUSTICE TODAY, 9E PRENTICE HALL By Frank Schmalleger ©2007 Pearson Education, Inc. 8

9. CRIMINAL JUSTICE TODAY, 9E PRENTICE HALL By Frank Schmalleger ©2007 Pearson Education, Inc. 9 Prisons  A prison is a state or federal confinement facility that has custodial authority over adults sentenced to confinement.  The use of prisons as a place to serve punishment is a relatively new way to handle offenders.

10. CRIMINAL JUSTICE TODAY, 9E PRENTICE HALL By Frank Schmalleger ©2007 Pearson Education, Inc. 10 Early Punishments  Were often cruel and torturous:  Generally fit the doctrine of lex talionis:  Law of retaliation  “An eye for an eye”

11. CRIMINAL JUSTICE TODAY, 9E PRENTICE HALL By Frank Schmalleger ©2007 Pearson Education, Inc. 11 Early Punishments  Types of early punishments:  Flogging  Mutilation  Branding  Public humiliation  Workhouses  Exile

12. CRIMINAL JUSTICE TODAY, 9E PRENTICE HALL By Frank Schmalleger ©2007 Pearson Education, Inc. 12 The Penitentiary Era 1790 -- 1825  Philadelphia Penitentiary begun by Quakers for humane treatment of offenders.  Rehabilitation through penance (solitary confinement and Bible study).  Known as the “Pennsylvania System.”

13. CRIMINAL JUSTICE TODAY, 9E PRENTICE HALL By Frank Schmalleger ©2007 Pearson Education, Inc. 13 The Mass Prison Era 1825 -- 1876  Auburn Prison (New York) featured group workshops and silence enforced by whipping and hard labor.  This Auburn System was the primary competitor to the Pennsylvania System.

14. CRIMINAL JUSTICE TODAY, 9E PRENTICE HALL By Frank Schmalleger ©2007 Pearson Education, Inc. 14 The Reformatory Era 1876 -- 1890  Based on the use of the indeterminate sentence.  Believed in the possibility of rehabilitation, especially for youthful offenders.  Elmira Reformatory attempted reform rather than punishment.  A system of graded stages in educational, behavioral and other goals gave way to the system of “parole.”  Ultimately considered a failure, since recidivism was still a problem.

15. CRIMINAL JUSTICE TODAY, 9E PRENTICE HALL By Frank Schmalleger ©2007 Pearson Education, Inc. 15 The Industrial Era 1890 -- 1935  Prisoners used for cheap labor.  Industrial production in the North; agriculture in the South.  Six systems of inmate labor: contract system, piece-price system, lease system, public account system, state-use system, and public works system.  Labor unions complained that they could not compete.  The passage of the Hawes-Cooper Act and Ashurst-Sumners Act limited inmate labor.  Some prison industries exist today.

16. CRIMINAL JUSTICE TODAY, 9E PRENTICE HALL By Frank Schmalleger ©2007 Pearson Education, Inc. 16 The Punitive Era 1935 -- 1945  Characterized by belief that prisoners owed a debt to society.  Custody and institutional security the central values.  Few innovations.

17. CRIMINAL JUSTICE TODAY, 9E PRENTICE HALL By Frank Schmalleger ©2007 Pearson Education, Inc. 17 The Treatment Era 1945 -- 1967  Medical model suggested inmates were sick and needed treatment.  Most treatments include individual or group therapy.  Other forms of therapy include: Behavior therapy Chemotherapy Neurosurgery Sensory deprivation Aversion therapy

18. CRIMINAL JUSTICE TODAY, 9E PRENTICE HALL By Frank Schmalleger ©2007 Pearson Education, Inc. 18 The Community-Based Era 1967 -- 1980  Based on premise that rehabilitation cannot occur in isolation from the real world.  Prisons considered dehumanizing.  Led to innovations in the use of volunteers and the extension of inmate privileges.  Programs include: Half-way houses Work-release Study-release

19. CRIMINAL JUSTICE TODAY, 9E PRENTICE HALL By Frank Schmalleger ©2007 Pearson Education, Inc. 19 The Warehousing Era 1980 -- 1995  Public and judicial disapproval of release programs and recidivism led to longer sentences with fewer releases.  Nothing works doctrine.  Prison overcrowding became widespread.  Greater emphasis on incarcerating non-violent drug offenders.

20. CRIMINAL JUSTICE TODAY, 9E PRENTICE HALL By Frank Schmalleger ©2007 Pearson Education, Inc. 20 U.S. Prison Population: 1960-2005 Source: Bureau of Justice Statistics

21. CRIMINAL JUSTICE TODAY, 9E PRENTICE HALL By Frank Schmalleger ©2007 Pearson Education, Inc. 21 The “Just Deserts” Era 1995 -- present  Based on the justice model.  Emphasis on individual responsibility and punishment.  Imprisonment is a proper consequence of criminal and irresponsible behavior.  Chain gangs, “three-strikes,” and reduced parole.

22. CRIMINAL JUSTICE TODAY, 9E PRENTICE HALL By Frank Schmalleger ©2007 Pearson Education, Inc. 22 Prisons Today: Numbers and Types of Prisons Approximately  1,325 state prisons  84 federal prisons  482 state and federal prisoners per 100,000 population On January 1, 2004, state and federal prisons held 1,461,191 inmates. Slightly more than 6.9% of those imprisoned were women.

23. CRIMINAL JUSTICE TODAY, 9E PRENTICE HALL By Frank Schmalleger ©2007 Pearson Education, Inc. 23 Prisons Today: Sentences In state prisons:  49% are violent criminals  19% are property criminals  20% drug law violators In federal prisons:  61% are drug law violators

24. CRIMINAL JUSTICE TODAY, 9E PRENTICE HALL By Frank Schmalleger ©2007 Pearson Education, Inc. 24 There are three security levels: 1. Maximum 2. Medium 3. Minimum Security Levels in State Prison Systems

25. CRIMINAL JUSTICE TODAY, 9E PRENTICE HALL By Frank Schmalleger ©2007 Pearson Education, Inc. 25 Most maximum security institutions tend to be massive old buildings with a large inmate population, including all death row inmates. They provide a high level of security with:  High fences/walls of concrete  Several barriers between living area  Secure cells  Armed guards  Gun towers Maximum Security

26. CRIMINAL JUSTICE TODAY, 9E PRENTICE HALL By Frank Schmalleger ©2007 Pearson Education, Inc. 26 Medium security prisons are similar in design to maximum security facilities; however, they:  Usually have more windows.  Tend to have barbed wire fences instead of large stone walls.  Sometimes use dormitory style housing. Medium Security

27. CRIMINAL JUSTICE TODAY, 9E PRENTICE HALL By Frank Schmalleger ©2007 Pearson Education, Inc. 27 Medium security prisons allow prisoners more freedom, such as:  Associating with other prisoners  Going to the prison yard or exercise room  Visiting the library  Showering and using bathroom facilities with less supervision An important security tool is the count.  The process of counting inmates during the course of a day.  Times are random, and all business stops until the count is verified. Medium Security

28. CRIMINAL JUSTICE TODAY, 9E PRENTICE HALL By Frank Schmalleger ©2007 Pearson Education, Inc. 28 In minimum security prisons:  Housing tends to be dormitory style.  Prisoners usually have freedom of movement within the facility.  Work is done under general supervision only.  Guards are unarmed, and gun towers do not exist.  Fences, if they exist, are low and sometimes unlocked.  “Counts” are usually not taken.  Prisoners are sometimes allowed to wear their own clothes. Minimum Security

29. CRIMINAL JUSTICE TODAY, 9E PRENTICE HALL By Frank Schmalleger ©2007 Pearson Education, Inc. 29 Classification systems determine which custody level to assign an inmate to. Assignments are based on:  Offense history  Assessed dangerousness  Perceived risk of escape  Other factors Inmates may move among the security levels depending on their behavior. Internal classification systems determine placement and program assignment within an institution. Prison Classification System

30. CRIMINAL JUSTICE TODAY, 9E PRENTICE HALL By Frank Schmalleger ©2007 Pearson Education, Inc. 30 Of Interest There is a valid argument that the deinstitutionalization of psychiatric hospitals has contributed to the explosion that we have seen in the prison population After World War II, this movement came when there was an argument that these institutions were inhumane – state hospitals

31. CRIMINAL JUSTICE TODAY, 9E PRENTICE HALL By Frank Schmalleger ©2007 Pearson Education, Inc. 31 Of Interest The discovery of antipsychotic drugs in the early 1950’s made it possible to prescribe meds and discharge patients After patients were discharged, these beds were not filled and forty state mental hospitals were closed – which housed seriously mentally ill prisoners * In the 1960’s, there was a push by civil libertarians lawyers to free these individuals as it violated the free society rule

32. CRIMINAL JUSTICE TODAY, 9E PRENTICE HALL By Frank Schmalleger ©2007 Pearson Education, Inc. 32 Of Interest The Lanterman-Petris-Short Act limited involuntary commits to 17 days unless officials could demonstrate that the individual was an imminent threat Lanterman argued that today’s insane could be tomorrows gifted * In the 1973 California closed all of its facilities except for 2 (used for criminally insane)

33. CRIMINAL JUSTICE TODAY, 9E PRENTICE HALL By Frank Schmalleger ©2007 Pearson Education, Inc. 33 Throughout the 1980’s and 1990’s, corrections saw a 99% increase in the use of their psychiatric services By 1999, California corrections noted that 11% of the county jail population and 20 percent of the state jail population suffered from mental illness * In 1993 California spent $21 million – by 2003 the figure reached $245 million Of Interest

34. CRIMINAL JUSTICE TODAY, 9E PRENTICE HALL By Frank Schmalleger ©2007 Pearson Education, Inc. 34 E. Fuller Torrey The Insanity Offense How America’s Failure to Treat the Seriously Mentally Ill endangers Its Citizens