1. Chapter 13 Prisons and Jails

2. HISTORY OF AMERICAN PRISONS
The Pennsylvania System
Silence and in-cell labor
Constant solitary confinement (the separate system)
Only human contact is with visiting clergy
The New York System
Solitary confinement leads to insanity in inmates
Inmates are allowed to work together, while maintaining silence (the congregate system)

3. Learning Objective 2
List the factors that have caused the prison population to grow dramatically in the last several decades

4. PRISON POPULATION GROWTH
Factors in prison growth:
Enhancement and stricter enforcement of drug laws
Increased probability of incarceration
Inmates are serving more time for each crime
Federal prison growth
Rising incarceration rates for women

5. MODELS of PRISONS Three general models of prisons: The custodial model
The rehabilitation model
The reintegration model

6. TYPES of PRISONS Maximum-Security Prisons: Supermax:
Violent and repeat offenders, those with conduct disorders (16% of prisoners)
Fortresses, watchtowers, armed guards
Supermax:
Prisons reserved for the “worst of the worst”
Controlled environment

7. TYPES OF PRISONS Medium-Security Prisons: Minimum-Security Prison:
House less dangerous inmates than maximum security (40% of prisoners)
Less restrictive security than maximum security, usually fences instead of walls
Rehabilitative programming is available
Minimum-Security Prison:
Designed for inmates who are a low-security risk, such as non-violent and first-time offenders
Inmates have more freedom to move about the facility

10. PRISON MANAGEMENT Formal Prison Management:
Chain of command
May lack continuity of purpose
Governing Prison Populations:
Order
The absence of misconduct, such as murder, assault and rape
Amenities
Comforts that make life “livable,” such as cleaning living conditions, and good food
Services
Programs designed to improve inmates’ prospects upon release

12. PRIVATIZATION Arguments for Privatization:
Cost efficiency
Competitive bidding
Labor costs
Overcrowding and outsourcing
Quality of service
Arguments Against Privatization:
Safety concerns
Financial concerns
Philosophical concerns

13. PURPOSE OF JAILS The Purposes of Jails:
To hold those convicted of misdemeanors
To hold individuals pre-trial
Temporarily hold juveniles awaiting transfer
To hold the mentally ill pending transfer
To detain those who have violated probation of parole, or have “jumped-bail”
To house inmates awaiting transfer to prison
To operate community-based corrections programs such as home confinement and electronic monitoring

15. JAIL ADMINISTRATION Jail Administration: The burden of jail management
Sheriff’s may view the jail as a lower priority than crime prevention and control
The challenge of overcrowding
Living conditions are often miserable
The wide variety of persons incarcerated in jails makes management difficult

16. CONSEQUENCES OF HIGH RATE OF INCARCERATION
Positive consequences include a correlation with a drop in the crime rate
Negative consequences include social consequences for families and communities, and disenfranchisement of inmates who lose their right to vote