1. 13 Prisons and Jails CHAPTER
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2. Were often cruel and torturous: Generally fit the doctrine of lex
Early Punishments
Were often cruel and torturous:
Generally fit the doctrine of lex
talionis:
Law of retaliation
“An eye for an eye”
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3. Early forms of punishment included:
Early Punishments
Early forms of punishment included:
Flogging
Mutilation
Branding
Public humiliation
Workhouses
Exile
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4. The Emergence of Prisons
It is unknown when the first prison
was established.
Punitive imprisonment noted in
Europe in the Middle Ages.
American prisons began in the late
1700s.
Early confinement facilities stressed
reformation over punishment.
CRIMINAL JUSTICE TODAY, 10E © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc
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5. Stages of Prison Development in the United States
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6. The Penitentiary Era 1790--1825
Philadelphia Penitentiary (Walnut Street Jail) begun by Quakers for humane treatment of offenders.
Rehabilitation through penance (solitary
confinement and Bible study).
Known as the “Pennsylvania System.”
Supporter: Ben Franklin
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7. The Mass Prison Era 1825--1876 Auburn Prison (New York) featured group
workshops and silence enforced by whipping
and hard labor.
This Auburn system was the primary
competitor to the Pennsylvania system.
Contamination-Could negatively influence one another.
CRIMINAL JUSTICE TODAY, 10E © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc
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8. The Reformatory Era
The reformatory style was based on the use of the
indeterminate sentence.
Elmira Reformatory attempted reform rather than
punishment.
Used a system of graded stages
Gave way to the system of “parole.”
Ultimately considered a failure, since recidivism
was still a problem.
CRIMINAL JUSTICE TODAY, 10E © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc
by Dr. Frank Schmalleger Pearson Prentice Hall
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9. The Industrial Era
Prisoners used for cheap labor in the era of the
industrial prison.
Six systems of inmate labor: contract system, piece-price
system, lease system, public account system, state-use
system, and public works system.
Labor unions complained that they could not compete.
The passage of the Hawes-Cooper Act and Ashurst-
Sumners Act limited inmate labor.
State-use philosophy.
Federal Prison Industries.
Website: WVCI
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10. The Punitive Era
Characterized by belief that prisoners owed a
debt to society.
Custody and institutional security the central
values.
Few innovations.
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11. The Treatment Era
Medical model suggested inmates were sick and
needed treatment.
Most treatments include individual or group
therapy.
Other forms of therapy include:
Behavior therapy
Chemotherapy
Neurosurgery
Sensory deprivation
Aversion therapy
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12. The Community-Based Era
Based on premise that rehabilitation cannot
occur in isolation from the real world.
Prisons considered dehumanizing.
Led to innovations in the use of volunteers and
the extension of inmate privileges.
Programs include:
Half-way houses
Work-release
Study-release
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13. The Warehousing Era
Public and judicial disapproval of release
programs and recidivism led to longer sentences
with fewer releases.
Nothing works doctrine
Warehousing of serious offenders designed to
protect society.
Prison overcrowding became widespread.
Greater emphasis on incarcerating non-violent
drug offenders.
CRIMINAL JUSTICE TODAY, 10E © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc
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14. The Just Deserts Era 1995--present Based on the justice model.
Emphasis on individual responsibility and
punishment.
Imprisonment is a proper consequence of
criminal and irresponsible behavior.
Chain gangs, “three-strikes,” and reduced
parole.
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15. State Prison Systems
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16. Prisons Today: Numbers and Types of Prisons
Approximately
1,325 state prisons
84 federal prisons
On January 1, 2007, state and federal prisons held 1,570,861 inmates. Seven percent of those imprisoned were women.
CRIMINAL JUSTICE TODAY, 10E © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc
by Dr. Frank Schmalleger Pearson Prentice Hall
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17. Prisons Today: Facility Size
The size of prisons vary.
One out of every four prisons is a large,
maximum-security prison house almost
1,000 inmates.
The typical state prison is small.
It costs about $62 a day per inmate.
In 2003, it cost almost $67 billion to run
the nation’s prisons and related programs.
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by Dr. Frank Schmalleger Pearson Prentice Hall
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18. Prisons Today: Typical System
The typical state prison system has:
1 high security
1 or more medium security
1 for adult women
1 or 2 for young adults
1 or two specialized mental hospital-
type security prisons
1 or more open-type institutions
Website: WV DOC
CRIMINAL JUSTICE TODAY, 10E © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc
by Dr. Frank Schmalleger Pearson Prentice Hall
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19. Overcrowded Prisons Overcrowding is a serious issue.
Prison capacity—The size of the
correctional population an institution can
effectively hold. There are three types of
prison capacity:
Rated
Operational
Design
Rhodes v. Chapman (1981)—Overcrowding
is not by itself cruel and unusual
punishment.
CRIMINAL JUSTICE TODAY, 10E © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc
by Dr. Frank Schmalleger Pearson Prentice Hall
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20. Selective Incapacitation
Is a strategy to reduce prison
population.
Seeks to identify the most dangerous
offenders and remove them from
society.
Is reflected by career offender
statutes.
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by Dr. Frank Schmalleger Pearson Prentice Hall
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21. Security Levels in State Prison Systems
There are three security levels:
Maximum
Medium
Minimum
The typical American prison is medium
or minimum custody.
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22. Maximum Security Most maximum security institutions tend to be
massive old buildings with a large inmate
population, including all death row inmates.
They provide a high level of security with:
High fences/walls of concrete
Several barriers between living area
Secure cells
Armed guards
Gun towers
CRIMINAL JUSTICE TODAY, 10E © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc
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23. Medium Security Medium security prisons are similar in design
to maximum security facilities; however, they:
Usually have more windows.
Tend to have barbed wire fences instead of large stone walls.
Sometimes use dormitory style housing.
CRIMINAL JUSTICE TODAY, 10E © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc
by Dr. Frank Schmalleger Pearson Prentice Hall
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24. Medium Security Medium security prisons allow prisoners more
freedom, such as:
Associating with other prisoners
Going to the prison yard or exercise room
Visiting the library
Showering and using bathroom facilities with less
supervision
An important security tool is the count.
The process of counting inmates during the course
of a day.
Times are random, and all business stops until the count
is verified.
CRIMINAL JUSTICE TODAY, 10E © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc
by Dr. Frank Schmalleger Pearson Prentice Hall
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25. Minimum Security In minimum security prisons:
Housing tends to be dormitory style.
Prisoners usually have freedom of movement
within the facility.
Work is done under general supervision only.
Guards are unarmed, and gun towers do not exist.
Fences, if they exist, are low and sometimes
unlocked.
“Counts” are usually not taken.
Prisoners are sometimes allowed to wear their own
clothes.
CRIMINAL JUSTICE TODAY, 10E © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc
by Dr. Frank Schmalleger Pearson Prentice Hall
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26. Prison Classification System
Classification systems determine which custody level
to assign an inmate to. Assignments are based on:
Offense history
Assessed dangerousness
Perceived risk of escape
Other factors
Inmates may move among the security levels
depending on their behavior.
Internal classification systems determine placement
and program assignment within an institution.
CRIMINAL JUSTICE TODAY, 10E © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc
by Dr. Frank Schmalleger Pearson Prentice Hall
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27. The Flow of Activities in Prison Classification Systems
Source: Adapted from Patricia L. Handyman et al. Internal Prison Classification Systems Case Studies in Their Development and Implementation (Washington, D.C.: National Institute of Corrections, 2002) p. 3
CRIMINAL JUSTICE TODAY, 10E © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc
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28. The Federal Prison System
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29. Federal Prison System History
1895—Leavenworth, Kansas—First non military federal prison opens.
1906—Second federal prison opens in Atlanta.
1927—Alderson, West Virginia—First federal prison for women.
1933—Springfield, Missouri—Medical Center for federal prisoners.
1934—Alcatraz begins operations.
CRIMINAL JUSTICE TODAY, 10E © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc
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30. Today’s Federal Prison System
Today’s federal prison system consists of:
103 institutions
6 regional offices
The Central office (headquarters)
2 staff training centers
28 community corrections offices
At the start of 2006, the Federal Bureau of Prisons employed more than 35,000 people.
Website: Federal BOP
CRIMINAL JUSTICE TODAY, 10E © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc
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31. Federal Prison System The Federal Bureau of Prisons (BOP)
classifies its institutions according to five
security levels.
Administrative maximum (ADMAX)
High security (U.S. penitentiaries)
Medium security (federal correctional institutions)
Low security (federal correctional institutions)
Minimum security (federal prison camps)
Additionally, there are administrative facilities,
like metropolitan detention centers (MDCs) and
medical centers for federal prisoners (MDFPs).
CRIMINAL JUSTICE TODAY, 10E © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc
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32. Federal Prison System: Administrative Facilities
The federal prison system’s administrative facilities are institutions with special missions.
Metropolitan Detention Centers (MDCs)
Generally located in large cities, close
to federal courthouses
Hold inmates awaiting trial (like jails)
Medical Centers for Federal Prisoners
(MCFP)
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33. Federal Correctional Complexes
Federal correctional facilities exist either as
single institutions or as federal correctional
complexes (FCCs)—sites consisting of more than
one type of correctional institution.
Example: FCC at Allenwood, PA. (consists of one U.S. penitentiary and two federal correctional institutions (one low and one medium security).
CRIMINAL JUSTICE TODAY, 10E © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc
by Dr. Frank Schmalleger Pearson Prentice Hall
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34. Administrative Maximum (ADMAX)
In 1995, the federal government opened its one and only ADMAX prison:
Ultra-high security
575 bed capacity
Inmates confined to cells 23 hours per day
Inmates cannot associate with one another
Only toughest 1% of federal prison
population is confined there
Holds mob bosses, spies, terrorists
murderers, escape artists, etc.
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35. Improvements Improvements to our nations prisons can be found in:
Accreditation by the American
Correctional Association’s (ACA)
Training though the National Academy of
Corrections
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36. Jails
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37. Jails Jails—Locally operated, short-term confinement facilities.
Original purpose—confinement of
suspects following arrest and awaiting
trial.
Current use—confinement of those
convicted of misdemeanors and some
felonies, as well as holding suspects
following arrest and awaiting trial.
CRIMINAL JUSTICE TODAY, 10E © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc
by Dr. Frank Schmalleger Pearson Prentice Hall
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38. Jails
Annually, 20 million people go to jail. A 2007 report by the Bureau of Justice Statistics found that the nation’s jails held 766,010 inmates.
12.9% women
4,836 juveniles
>50% of inmates are serving sentences there
Jail authorities supervised another 60,222 inmates under certain community-based programs.
CRIMINAL JUSTICE TODAY, 10E © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc
by Dr. Frank Schmalleger Pearson Prentice Hall
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39. Jails There are 3,365 jails in the U.S.
Most jails are small, designed to hold 50 or
fewer inmates.
Some jails are very big, like “mega-jails” in
LA and NYC.
In 2006, the 50 largest jails held almost 30% of all
jail inmates.
There are 207,600 correctional officers.
3/1 inmate/staff ratio
The average cost to jail a person for a year is $14,500.
CRIMINAL JUSTICE TODAY, 10E © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc
by Dr. Frank Schmalleger Pearson Prentice Hall
Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458

40. Direct Supervision Jails
A new jail architecture and
management strategy is called direct
supervision. These jails:
Use a system of pods or modular self-contained
housing areas
Have a more open environment, using Plexiglas
instead of thick walls to separate areas
Use softer furniture
May use “rooms” instead of cells
CRIMINAL JUSTICE TODAY, 10E © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc
by Dr. Frank Schmalleger Pearson Prentice Hall
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41. Benefits of Direct Supervision Jails
Reduce inmate dissatisfaction
Deter rape and violence
Decrease suicide and escape attempts
Eliminate barriers to staff-inmate interaction
Give staff greater control
Improve staff morale
Reduce lawsuits
CRIMINAL JUSTICE TODAY, 10E © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc
by Dr. Frank Schmalleger Pearson Prentice Hall
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42. National efforts are underway to improve quality of jail life by:
Future of Jails
National efforts are underway to
improve quality of jail life by:
Adding critical programs for inmates
Increasing jail industries
Jail “boot camps”
Creating regional jails
Implementing jail standards
CRIMINAL JUSTICE TODAY, 10E © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc
by Dr. Frank Schmalleger Pearson Prentice Hall
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