1. CRIMINAL JUSTICE A Brief Introduction, 6/E by Frank Schmalleger ©2006 Pearson Education, Inc. Pearson Prentice Hall Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458 Chapter 11 Prisons and Jails

2. CRIMINAL JUSTICE A Brief Introduction, 6/E by Frank Schmalleger ©2006 Pearson Education, Inc. Pearson Prentice Hall Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458 Learning Objectives Discuss the major characteristics and purpose of today’s prisons Describe the prison population in America today Describe the just deserts model Discuss how the changes in the rate of criminal offending relate to the changes in the rate of imprisonment Explain the role that jail plays in American corrections Describe the trend toward privatization in the corrections field

3. CRIMINAL JUSTICE A Brief Introduction, 6/E by Frank Schmalleger ©2006 Pearson Education, Inc. Pearson Prentice Hall Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458 Prisons Prisons are: There are 1,325 state prisons and 92 federal prisons in the United States. –Inmate population totals 1,470,045. Hear author discuss the chapter. A state or federal confinement facility that has custodial authority over adults sentenced to confinement.

4. CRIMINAL JUSTICE A Brief Introduction, 6/E by Frank Schmalleger ©2006 Pearson Education, Inc. Pearson Prentice Hall Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458 United States Prison Population 1960−2004

5. CRIMINAL JUSTICE A Brief Introduction, 6/E by Frank Schmalleger ©2006 Pearson Education, Inc. Pearson Prentice Hall Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458 Rate of Imprisonment in the United States

6. CRIMINAL JUSTICE A Brief Introduction, 6/E by Frank Schmalleger ©2006 Pearson Education, Inc. Pearson Prentice Hall Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458 Prisons The typical prison system in relatively populous states consists of: –One high-security prison for long-term, high- risk offenders. –One or more medium-security institutions. –One institution for adult women.

7. CRIMINAL JUSTICE A Brief Introduction, 6/E by Frank Schmalleger ©2006 Pearson Education, Inc. Pearson Prentice Hall Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458 Prisons The typical prison system in relatively populous states consists of: –One or two institutions for young adults. –One or two specialized mental hospital-type security prisons for mentally ill prisoners. –One or more open-type institutions for low- risk, nonviolent inmates.

8. CRIMINAL JUSTICE A Brief Introduction, 6/E by Frank Schmalleger ©2006 Pearson Education, Inc. Pearson Prentice Hall Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458 The Philosophy of Imprisonment Prisons were originally built for the purpose of rehabilitation and as an alternative to corporal punishment of earlier times. Today, a contemporary model of imprisonment based on the principle of just deserts is referred to as the justice model.

9. CRIMINAL JUSTICE A Brief Introduction, 6/E by Frank Schmalleger ©2006 Pearson Education, Inc. Pearson Prentice Hall Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458 Overcrowding The dimensions of overcrowding –Space available per inmate –How long inmates are confined in cells or housing units –Living arrangements –Type of housing

10. CRIMINAL JUSTICE A Brief Introduction, 6/E by Frank Schmalleger ©2006 Pearson Education, Inc. Pearson Prentice Hall Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458 Overcrowding Prison capacity refers to: Three types of prison capacity: –Rated capacity: The number of inmates a prison can handle according to the judgment of experts. –Operational capacity: The number of inmates a prison can effectively accommodate based on management considerations. –Design capacity: The number of inmates a prison was intended to hold when it was built or modified. The size of the correctional population an institution can effectively hold.

11. CRIMINAL JUSTICE A Brief Introduction, 6/E by Frank Schmalleger ©2006 Pearson Education, Inc. Pearson Prentice Hall Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458 State and Federal Prison Populations, Inmates vs. Capacity, 1980−2004

12. CRIMINAL JUSTICE A Brief Introduction, 6/E by Frank Schmalleger ©2006 Pearson Education, Inc. Pearson Prentice Hall Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458 Overcrowding Courts should assess the overall quality of prison life while viewing overcrowded conditions in combination with: –The prison’s meeting of basic human needs. –The adequacy of the facility’s staff. –The program opportunities available to inmates. –The quality and strength of the prison management.

13. CRIMINAL JUSTICE A Brief Introduction, 6/E by Frank Schmalleger ©2006 Pearson Education, Inc. Pearson Prentice Hall Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458 Selective Incapacitation Selective incapacitation seeks to identify the most dangerous criminals, with the goal of removing them from society. –This strategy is concerned with recidivism, or repetition of criminal behavior. –Career offender statutes focus on dangerous repeat offenders.

14. CRIMINAL JUSTICE A Brief Introduction, 6/E by Frank Schmalleger ©2006 Pearson Education, Inc. Pearson Prentice Hall Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458 Security Levels Maximum-security prisons –Provide a high level of security characterized by high fences, thick walls, secure cells, gun towers, and armed prison guards. Medium-security prisons –Resemble maximum security prisons. –Inmates have more freedom to associate with one another.

15. CRIMINAL JUSTICE A Brief Introduction, 6/E by Frank Schmalleger ©2006 Pearson Education, Inc. Pearson Prentice Hall Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458 Security Levels Minimum-security prisons –Inmates are generally housed in dormitory- like settings and are free to walk the yard and visit most prison facilities. –Guards are unarmed. Web Extra 11-1

16. CRIMINAL JUSTICE A Brief Introduction, 6/E by Frank Schmalleger ©2006 Pearson Education, Inc. Pearson Prentice Hall Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458 Federal Prison System Five security levels –Administrative maximum (ADMAX) –High security –Medium security –Low security –Minimum security Web Extra 11-2 Library Extras 11-2 and 11-3Library Extras 11-2 11-3

17. CRIMINAL JUSTICE A Brief Introduction, 6/E by Frank Schmalleger ©2006 Pearson Education, Inc. Pearson Prentice Hall Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458 Locations of Long-Term Confinement in Federal Facilities

18. CRIMINAL JUSTICE A Brief Introduction, 6/E by Frank Schmalleger ©2006 Pearson Education, Inc. Pearson Prentice Hall Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458 Jails Jail is: Library Extra 11-4 A confinement facility administered by an agency of local government, typically a law enforcement agency, intended for adults but sometimes also containing juveniles, which holds people detained pending adjudication or committed after adjudication, usually those sentenced to a year or less.

19. CRIMINAL JUSTICE A Brief Introduction, 6/E by Frank Schmalleger ©2006 Pearson Education, Inc. Pearson Prentice Hall Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458 Purposes of Jails Hold inmates sentenced to short terms. Receive individuals pending arraignment and to await trial, conviction, or sentencing. Readmit probation, parole, and bail-bond violators and absconders. Temporarily detain juveniles, the mentally ill, and others pending transfer to appropriate facilities.

20. CRIMINAL JUSTICE A Brief Introduction, 6/E by Frank Schmalleger ©2006 Pearson Education, Inc. Pearson Prentice Hall Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458 Purposes of Jails Hold individuals for the military, for protective custody, for contempt, and for the courts as witnesses. House inmates for other facilities due to transfer or overcrowding. Operate community-based programs with day reporting, home detention, electronic monitoring, or other types of supervision. Library Extra 11-4

21. CRIMINAL JUSTICE A Brief Introduction, 6/E by Frank Schmalleger ©2006 Pearson Education, Inc. Pearson Prentice Hall Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458 Women and Jail 12% of the country’s jail population Largest growth group nationwide Special problems: –Low educational levels –Drug abuse –Pregnancy and motherhood –Medical needs, such as obstetrical and gynecological

22. CRIMINAL JUSTICE A Brief Introduction, 6/E by Frank Schmalleger ©2006 Pearson Education, Inc. Pearson Prentice Hall Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458 The Growth of Jails Major reasons for jail overcrowding: –Some states have begun to use jails instead of prisons to house convicted felons. –Many indigent defendants cannot post bond. –There are unnecessary delays between arrest and final case disposition. –There are inappropriate attorney delays. Library Extra 11-5

23. CRIMINAL JUSTICE A Brief Introduction, 6/E by Frank Schmalleger ©2006 Pearson Education, Inc. Pearson Prentice Hall Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458 Direct Supervision Jails Direct-supervision jail refers to: Physical barriers are far less common than in traditional jails, allowing staff members the opportunity for greater interaction with, and control over, residents. A temporary confinement facility that eliminates many of the traditional barriers between inmates and correctional staff.

24. CRIMINAL JUSTICE A Brief Introduction, 6/E by Frank Schmalleger ©2006 Pearson Education, Inc. Pearson Prentice Hall Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458 Jails and the Future National efforts are underway to improve the quality of jail life. Only 32 states have set standards for municipal and county jails. –Jail standards identify basic minimum conditions necessary for inmate health and safety. Web Extra 11-3

25. CRIMINAL JUSTICE A Brief Introduction, 6/E by Frank Schmalleger ©2006 Pearson Education, Inc. Pearson Prentice Hall Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458 Private Prisons The movement toward the wider use of private prison has been termed privatization. Many advocates argue that privatization can provide state-of-the-art facilities and programs that the government cannot pay for. Opponents argue that private prisons are driven by financial incentives. Library Extra 11-6 Web Extra 11-4