1. 13
Prisons and Jails

2. History of Punishment Lex talionis Flogging Mutilation/amputation
Branding
Public humiliation
Exile
Workhouses

3. Prisons and Jails Humanitarian alternative to corporal punishment
Earliest records of a prison date back to the middle ages
Incarceration became a primary form of sentence for the poor
Dr. Benjamin Rush and Benjamin Franklin were supporters of the Pennsylvania system

4. History of Prisons and Jails
Pennsylvania System, 1790
Auburn System, 1819
Reformatory Movement, 1877
Industrial Era, 1890–1935
Punitive Era,
Treatment Era,
Community-Based Treatment Era,
Warehousing Era,

5. Current Era of Corrections
Just Deserts Era,
A return to the root purpose of incarceration: punishment
Limited inmate privileges and “get tough” policies
Evidence-Based Era, 2012-present
Built around the need to employ cost-effective solutions to correctional issues

6. Prison Populations
There are approximately 1,720 state prisons and 119 federal prisons in operation across the country today
On January 1, 2013, the nation’s state and federal prisons held 1,571,013 inmates, of which 1,512,391 were serving sentences of a year or more
Slightly more than 7% of those imprisoned were women
James J. Stephan, Census of State and Federal Correctional Facilities, 2005 (Washington, DC: Bureau of Justice Statistics, 2008). Carson and Golinelli, Prisoners in 2012, p. 2.

7. Costs of Incarceration
Average is $62 per inmate per day at the state level and $77.50 at the federal level
California pays over $150 per day for each inmate housed
The costs to run the nation’s corrections programs exceeded $80 billion in 2012
James J. Stephan, State Prison Expenditures, 2001 (Washington, DC: Bureau of Justice Statistics, 2004); and Administrative Office of the United States Courts, “Newly Available: Costs of Incarceration and Supervision in FY 2010,” June 23, 2011,
Tracey Kyckelhahn, Justice Expenditures and Employment Extracts Program 2010, (Washington, DC: Bureau of Justice Statistics, July 2013).

8. Population vs. Capacity
Prison capacity
The size of the correctional population an institution can effectively hold
Rated
Number of inmates a prison can handle according to the judgment of experts
Bureau of Justice Statistics, Correctional Populations in the United States (Washington, DC: BJS, various years).

9. Population vs. Capacity
Operational
Number of inmates a prison can effectively accommodate based on management considerations
Design
Number of inmates a prison was intended to hold when it was built or modified
Bureau of Justice Statistics, Correctional Populations in the United States (Washington, DC: BJS, various years).

10. The State Prison System
Classification system
A system used by prison administrators to assign inmates to custody levels based on offense history, assessed dangerousness, perceived risk of escape, and other factors
Supermax security level
Maximum security level
Medium security level
Minimum security level

11. AIMS Adult Internal Management System
Was developed to reduce institutional predatory behavior by separating predators from vulnerable inmates using 3 aspects:
Record of misconduct
Ability to follow staff directions
Level of aggression toward other inmates

12. State Prisons
One out of every four state institutions is a large, maximum-security prison with a population approaching 1,000 inmates
Profile of prisoners:
Low level of formal education
Socially disadvantaged background
Lack of significant vocational skill
Most have served time in a juvenile facility

13. The Federal Prison System
Federal Bureau of Prisons
Over 80 different types of federal correctional facilities
Five security levels:
Administrative maximum (ADMAX)
High security
Medium security
Low security
Minimum security

14. Sentencing Reform Act of 1984
Applied to federal prisons
Established determinate sentencing
Abolished parole
Reduced good time

16. Current Uses for Jails
Receive individuals pending arraignment and those awaiting trial, conviction, or sentencing
Detain juveniles, mentally ill, and others pending transfer
Release convicted inmates to the community upon completion of their sentence

17. Current Uses for Jails
Transfer inmates to, or house inmates for, federal, state, or other authorities
Operate community-based programs with day reporting, home detention, electronic monitoring, or other types of supervision
Readmit probation, parole, and bail-bond violators and absconders

18. Jails There are 3,283 jails operating in U.S.
Approximately 234,000 jail employees
Average cost is $15,000 per year/per inmate
Most jails are designed to house 50 or fewer inmates
6% of the jails hold over 50% of the prisoners
James Stephan, Census of Jail Facilities, 2006 (Washington, DC: Bureau of Justice Statistics, 2011), p. 1.

19. MegaJails
Los Angeles County’s Twin Towers correctional facility has 4,000 beds
Cook County, IL has more than 1,200 personnel on its payroll
Los Angeles & New York City together held 4.2% of all jail inmates in 2012
See Gale Holland, “L.A. Jail Makes Delayed Debut,” USA Today, January 27, 1997, p. 3A.
See Dale Stockton, “Cook County Illinois Sheriff ’s Office,” Police, October 1996, pp. 40–43
Todd D. Minton, Jail Inmates at Midyear 2012 (Washington, DC: Bureau of Justice Statistics, 2013), p. 10

20. Women and Jail
Women number only 15% of the country’s jail population, but they are the largest growth group
Education levels are low
Drug abuse
Pregnancy upon entering incarceration
Todd D. Minton, Jail Inmates at Midyear 2012 (Washington, DC: Bureau of Justice Statistics, 2013), p. 10
William Reginald Mills and Heather Barrett, “Meeting the Special Challenge of Providing Health Care to Women Inmates
in the ‘90s,” American Jails, Vol. 4, No. 3 (September/October 1990), p. 55.
American Correctional Association, Vital Statistics in Corrections

21. Changes to Prisons Today
Moving to the “pod” system of construction
Teaching inmates marketable skills
Building regional jails to combine the resources of several smaller communities
State and organizational requirements for jail management
Tom Rosazza, “Jail Standards: Focus on Change,” American Jails (November/December 1990), pp. 84–87

22. Private Prisons Privatization
The movement toward prisons being operated for state and federal government by private enterprise for profit
Private prisons held 8.2% of all state prisoners and 17.8% of federal prisoners at the start of 2012
Studies have not found the cost savings that were anticipated with privatization
Eric Bates, “Private Prisons: Over the Next Five Years Analysts Expect the Private Share of the Prison ‘Market’ to More Than Double,” The Nation, Vol. 266, No. 1 (1998), pp. 11–18
Sechrest and Shichor, “Private Jails,” p. 10