Lecturer: Miljen Matijašević G10, room 6, Tue 11:30-12:30 Session 2, 24 Mar 2014

1. Essay comments 2. Verb forms revision / Narrative 3. Paraphrasing and Summarising

Common mistakes

WILL vs. WOULD WILL for future facts or predictions Unemployment will continue to rise in the following period. WOULD for hypothetical situations, such as free higher education for all Students would not have to work in order to pay for tuition. There would be less stress for students. Formation of the Second Conditional If high education is / was / will be / were / would be free, there will be / would be too many students. If high education WERE free, there WOULD BE too many students. Use of modal verbs Modals MAY and MIGHT remove the necessity of using the word ‘maybe’ If high education were free, some students maybe will enrol only to avoid working. If high education were free, some students might enrol only to avoid working.

Common mistakes Countable and uncountable nouns (less!) Less + uncountable noun (less money) Fewer + countable noun (fewer problems) Contracted forms (isn’t, I’ll, won’t, wouldn’t, etc.) Unacceptable in formal writing – use full forms instead (is not, I will/shall, will not, would not etc.) Inappropriate choice of words (style or register) pros and cons, stuff, kids, etc. Advantages and disadvantages, arguments in favour / against, benefits and drawbacks, etc. stuff – things, activities, interests, etc.

Common mistakes Enumerating arguments First, second, third, etc. - informal Firstly, secondly, thirdly, etc. – formal (better!) Firstly, then, in addition, also, etc. Presenting opposing arguments On one side – on the other side On the one hand – on the other hand / - On the other hand, conversely (not on the contrary!!), however, etc.

Commonly misused words No matter / regardless No matter how much they earn Regardless of their income Available vs. accessible Available (or not), widely available More or less accessible Students rights vs. Benefits Rights – more a legal term Higher education – highly educated people People with university degrees / university education

Commonly misused words Topic / theme / issue / problem / proposal Avoiding marked words Poor people, the poor Financially disadvantaged, people with lower income Stressed out / relieved / relieve the stress Reduce the level of stress

Make these sentences better There’s a lot of people who wanted to study something and be high educated but they couldn’t because they couldn’t afford it, so in that way free higher education for all would be good. There are a lot of people who want to get a university education but cannot afford it. For this reason, free higher education for all would be a good idea. Arguments that go in favour are more higher educated people which could led to higher life standards and less poor people. An argument in favour is that having more people with university education could/might lead to a higher standard of living and less poverty.

Make these sentences better Also, more people will have a chance to study because of availability of higher education. Also, more people would have a chance to study because of accessibility of higher education. Also, maybe some people will go to college just to get student rights like health insurance. In addition, some people might go to/enrol in college only to obtain student benefits, such as health insurance.

Make these sentences better Also, good side of free higher education is that will maybe help to increase a social mobility. Another benefit of free higher education is that it might help increase social mobility. Everybody are pointing out easier access to higher education, no matter of their incomes, as an pro. Everybody is pointing out (the benefit of) easier access to higher education for all, regardless of their income (as an argument in favour).

Narrative

Verb forms TENSEAUXILIARY VERBMAIN VERB FORM SIMPLE Present(DO) do, does (in Qs and negatives) Infinitive (+s 3rd person) Past(DO) did (in Qs and negatives) Past (-ed) / Infinitive CONTINUOUS PresentBE – am, is, are-ing PastBE – was, were-ing PERFECT PresentHAVE – have, hasPast participle PastHAVE – hadPast participle Present Perfect Cont.HAVE/HAS BEEN-ing Past Perfect ContinuousHAD BEEN-ing

Verb forms THE PASSIVE E.g. She is respected by her students. I have been asked to tell you my story. Education should be paid by the government. to BEMAIN VERB any tense (e.g. am, has been, will be) past participle

Verb forms MODAL VERBS E.g. You may have heard about this issue. The authorities should be solving this problem as we speak. MODAL VERBMAIN VERB will, might, may, can, could, should, would, must, have to, ought to Simple infinitive (without ‘to’) Continuous infinitive (e.g. be expecting) Perfect infinitive (e.g. have seen)

I ___________ (be) interested in public speaking for a number of years, and I __________ (consider) by my friends to be quite a good speaker. A few days ago, I __________ (ask) a friend to take me to a public debate. For two whole days, I __________ (look) forward to it. Unfortunately, while I _________ (drive) to the club, my car ___________ (break down), and I __________ (must) take a taxi. I __________ (arrive) just as the chairman __________ (open) the meeting. I __________ (apologize), and at the end of the evening, explained to the chairman what _________ (happen.) Verb forms – practice

I HAVE BEEN interested in public speaking for a number of years, and I AM CONSIDERED by my friends to be quite a good speaker. A few days ago, I ASKED a friend to take me to a public debate. For two whole days, I HAD BEEN LOOKING forward to it. Unfortunately, while I WAS DRIVING to the club, my car BROKE DOWN, and I HAD TO take a taxi. I ARRIVED just as the chairman WAS OPENING the meeting. I APOLOGIZED, and at the end of the evening, explained to the chairman what HAD HAPPENED. What past tenses were used in this story? Verb forms – practice

Narrative

1. Fill the gaps in the text about the United Nations. Discuss the verb forms 2. Fill the gaps in the text ‘Visiting the elderly could save lives, say campaigners’. Discuss alternative solutions.

Paraphrasing and Summarising Why is it important to be able to paraphrase and summarise? Paraphrasing can be done in several ways: by changing the vocabulary by changing the verb form (active to passive) by changing the word class by synthesis Stage 1 exercises