© West Educational Publishing Motivation and Emotion C HAPTER 5 M otivations and emotions are guided by physical and mental processes. Mental processes include the use of symbols and rituals. EXIT

© West Educational Publishing Motivation is what drives us to seek a specific goal. Emotion is a state of the body that causes feelings. Both involve physiological and psychological factors. EXIT

© West Educational Publishing Physiological Factors Involved in Motivation and Emotion Click the arrows for more information. Hypothalamus Amygdala Reticular activating system Corpus callosum Pituitary Hippocampus Cerebral cortex Thalamus Cerebellum EXIT

© West Educational Publishing Physiological Factors Involved in Motivation and Emotion Hypothalamus - part of the lower brain that controls such basic needs and desires as pleasure, pain, fear, rage, hunger, thirst and sex Return to previous screen. Corpus callosum Pituitary Hippocampus Cerebral cortex Thalamus Cerebellum Hypothalamus Reticular activating system Amygdala EXIT

© West Educational Publishing Physiological Factors Involved in Motivation and Emotion Amygdala - brain structure responsible for emotional responses of aggression and fear Amygdala Return to previous screen. Corpus callosum Pituitary Hippocampus Cerebral cortex Thalamus Cerebellum Reticular activating system Hypothalamus EXIT

© West Educational Publishing Physiological Factors Involved in Motivation and Emotion Reticular activating system - unit in the brain that registers and controls activity level, increases excitement, and helps generate sleep Return to previous screen. Corpus callosum Pituitary Hippocampus Cerebral cortex Thalamus Cerebellum Amygdala Reticular activating system Hypothalamus EXIT

© West Educational Publishing Pituitary gland Adrenal glands Female gonads (ovaries) Male gonads (testes) Click on the arrows for more information. EXIT

© West Educational Publishing Pituitary Gland - the gland that controls other glands and hormones, as well as producing its own growth hormone Return to previous screen. The Pituitary Gland Pituitary gland EXIT

© West Educational Publishing Adrenal glands - glands that secrete adrenaline, which stirs up the body, changing breathing, perspiration, heart rate, and so on The Adrenal Glands Adrenal glands Return to previous screen. EXIT

© West Educational Publishing Gonads - the male and female sex glands (testes and ovaries) that produce androgens and estrogen The Gonads Female gonads (ovaries) Male gonads (testes) Return to previous screen. EXIT

© West Educational Publishing Motivational forces (drives) include hunger, thirst, and various needs not directly related to survival. The drives operate in cycles designed to keep the body in a state of physical equilibrium, or balance. The balance is called homeostasis. EXIT

© West Educational Publishing Factors in Hunger and Obesity Hypothalamus Metabolism Set Points Genetics Food Preferences Looks of Food Stress Levels Dietary Problems Click on the arrows for more information. EXIT

© West Educational Publishing Hypothalamus The hypothalamus tracks the level of glucose sugar in the bloodstream. Glucose Sugar High Low Hypothalamus Metabolism Set Points Genetics Food Preferences Looks of Food Stress Levels Dietary Problems Click on a term for more information. EXIT

© West Educational Publishing Metabolism Metabolism determines the speed at which the body uses up energy. Hypothalamus Metabolism Set Points Genetics Food Preferences Looks of Food Stress Levels Dietary Problems Click on a term for more information. EXIT

© West Educational Publishing Set Points A regulating mechanism that determines what a person’s weight should be. Set points vary from person to person. Hypothalamus Metabolism Set Points Genetics Food Preferences Looks of Food Stress Levels Dietary Problems Click on a term for more information. EXIT

© West Educational Publishing Genetics Set point, fat ratio, and taste preferences have hereditary bases. Hypothalamus Metabolism Set Points Genetics Food Preferences Looks of Food Stress Levels Dietary Problems Click on a term for more information. EXIT

© West Educational Publishing Food Preferences Taste affects how much and what types of food are eaten. Hypothalamus Metabolism Set Points Genetics Food Preferences Looks of Food Stress Levels Dietary Problems Click on a term for more information. EXIT

© West Educational Publishing Looks of Food Appearance, like taste, affects food intake. Obese people sometimes use the look of food as an external cue to eat. Hypothalamus Metabolism Set Points Genetics Food Preferences Looks of Food Stress Levels Dietary Problems Click on a term for more information. EXIT

© West Educational Publishing Stress Levels Overweight people tend to eat whenever they are under stress. Hypothalamus Metabolism Set Points Genetics Food Preferences Looks of Food Stress Levels Dietary Problems Click on a term for more information. EXIT

© West Educational Publishing Dietary Problems Problems such as anorexia, bulimia, and compulsive eating affect attitudes toward obesity. Hypothalamus Metabolism Set Points Genetics Food Preferences Looks of Food Stress Levels Dietary Problems Click on a term for more information. EXIT

© West Educational Publishing Thirst The human body is made up of % water. The body can store fat, but not water. The hypothalamus registers the dryness of the tongue, temperature of the body, and balance of water in the cells to control water intake. EXIT

© West Educational Publishing Other Kinds of Motivation Curiosity Manipulation IntrinsicExtrinsic Stimulation Click on the words for more information. EXIT

© West Educational Publishing Curiosity - a drive that moves a person to seek new and different things IntrinsicExtrinsic Stimulation Curiosity Manipulation Other Kinds of Motivation Click on the words for more information. EXIT

© West Educational Publishing Manipulation - a drive that moves a person to handle and use objects in the environment IntrinsicExtrinsic Stimulation Curiosity Manipulation Other Kinds of Motivation Click on the words for more information. EXIT

© West Educational Publishing Stimulation - the need for contact comfort (physical interactions such as rocking and touching) IntrinsicExtrinsic Stimulation Curiosity Manipulation Other Kinds of Motivation Click on the words for more information. EXIT

© West Educational Publishing Intrinsic- motivation that comes from within the individual IntrinsicExtrinsic Stimulation Curiosity Manipulation Other Kinds of Motivation Click on the words for more information. EXIT

© West Educational Publishing Extrinsic - motivation that comes from outside the individual IntrinsicExtrinsic Stimulation Curiosity Manipulation Other Kinds of Motivation Click on the words for more information. EXIT

© West Educational Publishing Need for Stimulation Harry Harlow’s experiments with monkeys showed the need for contact comfort. EXIT

© West Educational Publishing Maslow’s “Can you spare some change for food?” “Everyone watch to see who’s coming.” “My cat is my best friend.” “In six months I will be the assistant manager.” “I like to know different points of view!” EXIT

© West Educational Publishing Psychological Motivation need for affiliation need for approval need for achievement Some people seem to want to be with other people. Some people seem to want to be with other people. Some people want others to like them. Some people want others to like them. Some people have a desire for personal accomplishments. Some people have a desire for personal accomplishments. EXIT

© West Educational Publishing Basic Emotions all People Share Joy Fear Anger Surprise Disgust Sadness EXIT

© West Educational Publishing The presence of one strong emotion triggers its opposite, which then emerges somewhat later. Higher order thought processes, such as reasoning and problem solving affect our emotions. Situational cues help our brain interpret how we are going to feel about a situation. Cognition The Opponent-Process Theory EXIT

© West Educational Publishing Emotional Intelligence Daniel Goleman has proposed that the ability to deal with, feel, and recognize emotions makes up what he calls “Emotional Intelligence.” Self-Awareness Empathy Harnessing Emotions Control and respond to feelings appropriately Knowing feelings and why we have them Being sensitive to another person’s emotions EXIT

© West Educational Publishing Stimulus Body Reacts Emotion produced The James-Lange Theory Stimuli cause changes in our body such as increased heart beating, sweating hands, and enlarged pupils. People label these bodily reactions as fear. EXIT

© West Educational Publishing Stimulus Cannon-Bard Theory The stimulus occurs, the body reacts, and at the same time, the emotion is produced. Body Reacts Emotional Feeling EXIT

© West Educational Publishing Stimulus Think and label the stimulus Emotion produced Schachter’s Cognitive Theory In this theory, a stimulus occurs, and people label the emotional state. Thus, perception and expectations influence emotional states. EXIT

© West Educational Publishing Summary of Main Topics Covered Psychological Factors in Motivation Factors in Hunger and Obesity Thirst Other Kinds of Motivation Hierarchy of Needs Psychological Motivation Emotions EXIT