Demographics and Related Issues

Studying Population Demographics Population Geography Is a term for the study of human population dynamics and how they change. It looks at changes that occur in large groups of people over a period of time (i.e. population characteristics). Demographics include looking at the following statistics: birth rate, death rate, immigration, age, income, sex, education, occupation, religion, nationality, etc. and how these changing patterns may affect a nation’s economy, relations with other countries, etc. Population Geography The study of SPATIAL variations in the distribution, composition, migration, and growth of populations over time.

Demographics We will be looking at Demographic related issues through: Studying the history of Population Demographic Transition and the connections to Developed and Developing nations today Population Growth and Overpopulation Population Pyramids Immigration

Studying Population Population changes over time will inevitably affect…. Political Systems Economics Social Structures Environments For example…

Studying Population Billions Developing countries Developed countries TASK: Write a statement describing what the graph above illustrates. Then, read Chapter 4 (p. 46 to 57) and answer Q. # 1to 4, 5.b and 6 Source: United Nations Populations Division, World Population Prospects, The 2004 Revision, medium variant.

Studying Population Factors that may lead to population increase include: Access to Food Access to Health Care Economic Growth Migration Replacement Fertility Rate of more than 2.1

Studying Population Factors that contribute to the decline in death rate include: Better Nutrition Better Access to Medical Care Improved Sanitation Better Immunization

Unfortunately Effects of Population Increase Can Also Lead to: Studying Population Unfortunately Effects of Population Increase Can Also Lead to: Increased poverty Resource depletion Medicine shortages Urban sprawl

Studying Population A specific pattern of population growth has occurred in many developed nations during the past 60 years. Baby Boom Births Baby Echo Generation Y Generation X 1945 1965 1985 2005 2025

Studying Population Factors that may lead to population decline (decrease) Heavy Emigration Disease Famine War Low (Sub) Replacement Fertility a fertility rate that is not high enough to replace an area’s population. Sub-replacement fertility rate is 2.1 children per woman or lower.

Studying Population Population Decline in the past The Black Death (The Bubonic Plague) Other Old World Diseases (Smallpox, Measles) Potato Famine Population Decline today Sub-replacement Fertility Levels Migration Natural Disasters (Tsunamis, Earthquakes, Famine, etc.)

Studying Population IMPACTS of Population Decline: Deflation in the economy Rise in the standard of living Population aging Less impact on the environment Political power? Could go either way!

Studying Population What causes a low sub-replacement fertility rate? Urbanization (people moving to cities have smaller families compared to those whose lives are based on agriculture in rural areas) Contraception Government Policies (i.e. China) Exception: United States where natural increase rates have remained stable… And within the US, incredible regional variations

United States: The Exception Amongst Developed Countries! Comparison of rates of pregnancy per 1000 females aged 15–19 years in Canada, England and Wales, and the United States Country 1994 2002 Canada 49.2 33.9 England & Wales 58.7 60.3 United States 106.1 76.4

Studying Population 60-81 50-59 40-49 30-39 20-29

Studying Population Average Number of Children per Woman Source: PRB, 2005 World Population Data Sheet.

Studying Population In the developed countries, there are fewer and fewer young people and more and more elderly. Millions Age Males Females Source: United Nations Populations Division, World Population Prospects, The 2004 Revision.

Studying Population The young population of the developing countries translates to great growth potential. Age Males Females Millions Source: United Nations Populations Division, World Population Prospects, The 2004 Revision.

Studying Population Europe is the only world region projected to decline in population by 2050. Millions

Population Pyramids A population pyramid is a graph of horizontal bar graphs that illustrates a country’s population by sex (male and female) by age ranges (cohorts) of every 5 years (0 – 4, 5 – 9, etc.) A great deal of information about the population can be read from a population pyramid, influencing decision making of present and future needs for the population: Birth rate trends Infant mortality rate trends Death rate trends Number of economic dependents (<15 + >65) Life expectancy, etc.

DEPENDENCY LOAD The Dependency Load, or “dependents” are the percentage of the population who rely on the working population to support them (their educational, health care, social, needs, etc.). The Dependency Load is the non-working population of people less than 15 years plus those greater than 65 years. (>15 and <65)

Population Pyramids Three basic shapes of population pyramids.

Population Pyramids – CAN 1961 Aging Population Depression Baby Boom

Population Pyramids – CAN 2006

Population Pyramids – US 1990

Population Pyramids – US 2000

Population Pyramids – US 2025

Population Pyramids – US 2050

Population Pyramids – US 2100

Global Village If the world were a village of 1000 people, it would include: 584 Asians 124 Africans 95 Eastern and Western Europeans 84 Latin Americans 55 former Soviets 52 North Americans 6 Australians and New Zealanders

Global Village The people of the village would speak: 165 Mandarin 86 English 83 Hindu/Urdu 64 Spanish 58 Russian 37 Arabic and the remaining villagers would speak a variety of 200 other languages

Global Village The religion practiced by the villagers would be: 329 Christians (among them 187 Catholics, 84 Protestants, and 31 Orthodox) 178 Muslims 167 "Non religious" 60 Buddhists 45 Atheists 32 Hindus 3 Jews and 86 of other religions

Global Village Financially speaking in this 1000 person community 200 people receive 75 percent of the income Another 200 receive only 2 percent of the income. Only 70 people of the 1000 own an automobile (although some of the 70 own more than one car). About one-third have access to clean, safe drinking water.

Global Village Looking at the social structure of the village, there are: 5 soldiers 7 teachers 1 doctor 3 refugees driven from home by war or drought and half of the adults are illiterate

Global Village The village has a total yearly budget, public and private, of over $3 million - $3,000 per person if it is distributed evenly. Of the total $3 000 000: $181,000 goes to weapons and warfare $159,000 to education $132,000 to health care

Global Village Nuclear Power in the Village: The village has buried beneath it enough explosive power in nuclear weapons to blow itself to smithereens many times over. These weapons are under the control of just 100 of the people. The other 900 are watching them with deep anxiety, wondering whether they can learn to get along together; and if they do, whether they might set off the weapons anyway through inattention or technical bungling; and if they ever decide to dismantle the weapons, where in the world village will they dispose of the radioactive materials of which the weapons are made?