WWII TO VIETNAM Honors Foreign Policy

End of WWII U.S. Heightened Industrial Capacity U.S. Economy Strengthened by War Military forces in W. Europe and East Asia Rapid demobilization of military and cuts in defense spending No policy to deal with Soviet Aggression

End of WWII Soviet Union Military forces in Eastern Europe and Korea Parts of Russia destroyed Installation of communist governments in Eastern Europe Rising Soviet influence in Middle East and Asia

Why did Stalin distrust the U.S.? Communism vs. CapitalismD-Day postponed until 1944 Western powers helped White Russians during Russian Revolution

Formation of United Nations Founded in 1945, to replace League of Nations  To maintain international peace and security  To take effective collective measures for the prevention and removal of threats to the peace  To develop friendly relations among nations

Truman Doctrine (1947) The U.S. could survive only in a world in which freedom flourished Provided military and economic aid to countries threatened by communist aggression U.S. appropriated $400 million for economic aid and military supplies for Turkey and Greece

Containment George Kennan formulated the policy of containment A long term policy to counter Soviet aggression The U.S. must make it difficult for the Soviet Union to expand its power through diplomatic, economic, and military means The U.S. is more favorably positioned for a long term struggle because it controls more centers of industry

National Security Act National Security Council Department of Defense Central Intelligence Agency NSA

Iron Curtain Europe

Trade and Economics Bretton Woods SystemMarshall PlanEuropean Union

Bretton Woods System Promoted liberal economic system in the world based on open markets Created two institutions to promote economic growth among market economies International Bank for Reconstruction and Development (World Bank) International Monetary Fund (IMF), governs currency exchanges and provides credits for short- term currency crises General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (GATT)

Marshall Plan

European Union European Coal and Steel Community Supranational organization to control German power Fear of rising German power

European Union

Political Organizations NATOSEATOWarsaw Pact

NATO vs. Warsaw Pact

North Atlantic Treaty Organization founded in 1949 Organization to promote collective self defense Signatories included U.S., Canada, and most of Western Europe Soviet Union responded with Warsaw Pact comprised of the Soviet Union and 7 satellite states in Eastern Europe

World Events Berlin Blockade Chinese Revolution Korean War

Berlin Blockade

Chinese Revolution In 1949, Chinese communist forces under Mao Zedong take control of China after a long civil war Nationalist forces under Chiang Kai Shek retreat to Taiwan and call it the Republic of China U.S. recognizes the Republic of China as the legitimate government of China Mao and Stalin grow to distrust each other

Chinese Revolution Communist Forces Mao Zedong Mainland China Nationalist Forces Chiang Kai Shek Taiwan

Korean War

Decolonization and Conflict VietnamAlgeriaIndia

Domino Theory

Third World Conflicts Operation Ajax, 1953 Iran Lumumba, 1961 Congo Cuban Revolution, 1959 Cuba

Third World Conflicts Jacobo Arbenz overthrown in coup, 1954 Guatemala Somoza Regime and Sandinistas Nicaragua

Iran Iranian Coup was the overthrow of the democratically elected government of Iran in 1953 Government of the United States and United Kingdom engineered the coup with help of CIA Prime Minister Mosaddegh was replaced by U.S. backed Shah Mosaddegh wanted to nationalize the oil industry

Congo Independent from Belgium in 1960 Patrice Lumumba first Prime Minister Soon after independence civil war breaks out Belgium and U.S. support opposition parties because they believe Lumumba will ally with Soviet Union Belgium supports arrest and assassination of Lumumba with U.S. knowledge

Cuba Cuban Revolution by Fidel Castro 1959  Overthrew U.S. supported Batista regime  Turned to Soviet Union for support Bay of Pigs  April 1961, U.S. supported and trained Cuban exiles invade Cuba  They are defeated in 3 days

Cuba Cuban Missile Crisis  October 1962, U.S. discovers Soviet Union is building missile bases in Cuba for 70 short and intermediate range ballistic missiles that carry nuclear warheads

Cuban Missile Crisis Kennedy CompromiseAir Strikes What Happened BlockadeDeactivation Khrushchev Construct Missile sites

Cuban Missile Crisis

Nuclear Deterrence Supported by Eisenhower and John Foster Dulles The U.S. would not use nuclear weapons first, they would only use them to retaliate Nuclear weapons used to deter Soviet attack Nuclear weapons could replace more expensive conventional forces that cost more to train and maintain Nuclear forces deployed in “triad”, ground, aircraft, and submarines

Truman Administration Policies and Actions Truman Doctrine Berlin Airlift Marshall Plan Bretton Woods Containment National Security Act

Eisenhower Administration Policies and Actions Domino Theory Eisenhower Doctrine CIA CoupsBay of Pigs Nuclear Deterrence

Kennedy Administration Policies and Actions Peace Corps Berlin Wall Bay of Pigs Cuban Missile Crisis Support of South Vietnam