SOL USII.4 Urbanization And Industrialization

Westward Migration New opportunities and technological advances led to westward expansion following the Civil War.

Reasons for Westward Expansion Opportunities for land ownership Technological advances, including the Transcontinental Railroad Possibility of wealth created by the discovery of gold and silver Adventure A new beginning for former slaves http://content.lib.washington.edu/laroche/image/273.jpg

Reasons for Increased Immigration Hope for better opportunity Religious freedom Escape from oppressive governments Adventure http://www.edu.pe.ca/southernkings/Pictures/plain1.jpg

Development of Cities Population changes, growth of cities, and new inventions produced interaction and often conflict between different cultural groups. Population changes, growth of cities, and new inventions produced problems in urban areas.

Transportation Cable cars invented by Andrew Hallidie http://www.cable-car-guy.com/images/tacoma_003.jpg http://images.businessweek.com/ss/06/01/auto_bday/image/car_right.jpg Cable cars invented by Andrew Hallidie Electric trolley railways invented by Frank Sprague and used in Richmond, Virginia Invention of the gas powered automobile in 1893

Communications The development of the telegraph by Samuel Morse http://www.wrvmuseum.org/morsecode/images/samuel_morse_telegraph.jpg The development of the telegraph by Samuel Morse Lighting and mechanical uses of electricity by Thomas Edison http://blogs.abcnews.com/scienceandsociety/images/edison_light_bulb.jpg

Communications Telephone service developed by Alexander Graham Bell Typewriter and adding machine http://www.solarnavigator.net/inventors/inventor_images/alexander_graham_bell_1876_speaking_into_telephone.jpg http://www.bankofengland.co.uk/education/museum/images/pictures/artifacts3_big.jpg

Reasons Why Cities Developed Specialized industries including steel (Pittsburgh), meat packing (Chicago) Boston (textiles), New York City (clothing), Cleveland (steel), Philadelphia (shipbuilding) Immigration from other countries Movement of Americans from rural to urban areas for job opportunities http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/d/d2/GB-7925.jpg http://www.marinelog.com/IMAGESMMVI/akerfloatout.jpg

Challenges Faced by Cities Rapid industrialization and urbanization led to overcrowded immigrant neighborhoods and tenements Tenements and ghettos Political corruption (political machines) http://edweb.sdsu.edu/ltca/Industrial/crowdedcity.jpg

Inventions Inventions had both positive and negative effects on society. Inventions contributed to great change and industrial growth.

Manufacturing and Processing Bessemer process of mass producing steel http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/1/10/Henry_Bessemer.jpg http://content.answers.com/main/content/wp/en/6/61/Bessemer_converter.jpg

Manufacturing and Processing http://www.scripophily.com/webcart/vigs/phildelphiaandbostonpetroleumvig.jpg http://cache.eb.com/eb/image?id=42711&rendTypeId=4 Production of steel by Andrew Carnegie

Manufacturing and Processing The division of labor that resulted from Eli Whitney’s development of interchangeable parts http://z.about.com/d/inventors/1/5/p/W/eli_whitney.jpg http://www.explorenewengland.com/travel/explorene/connecticut/blog/052006pic1.JPG

Manufacturing and Processing Oil refining by Samuel Kier in Pennsylvania http://www.history.rochester.edu/fuels/tarbell/KIER.JPG http://www.4to40.com/images/earth/science/petroleum/oil_extracting_machinery_derrick.jpg

Architecture Suspension bridges and skyscrapers

Efforts to Solve Immigration Problems Settlement houses, such as Hull House, founded by Jane Addams Political machines that gained power by attending to the needs of new immigrants (i.e., jobs, housing) http://www.ci.chi.il.us/Landmarks/images/landmarks/h/hull1a.gif

Interaction & Conflict Between Different Cultural Groups Indian policies and wars Reservations (public land set aside by the government to be used for a certain group of people)

Interaction & Conflict Between Different Cultural Groups Battle of Little Bighorn http://www.americaslibrary.gov/as/jb/recon/jb_recon_custer_1_e.jpgsets

Interaction & Conflict Between Different Cultural Groups Chief Joseph When Chief Joseph surrendered, he declared “Hear me my chiefs! I am tired! My heart is sick and sad. From where the sun now stands, I will fight no more forever!” http://nativeamericanrhymes.com/chiefs/images/joseph350.jpg

Interaction & Conflict Between Different Cultural Groups Discrimination against immigrants (Chinese and Irish) Nativists were American citizens who believed immigrants were inferior http://www.assumption.edu/ahc/Irish/Irish_emigrants_Mersey.jpg

Discrimination Discrimination against African Americans continued after Reconstruction. “Jim Crow” laws institutionalized a system of legal segregation. Other groups experienced discrimination. Groups such as the American Protective Association was made up of Nativists who did not trust immigrants as well as other American citizens. http://www.africanamericans.com/images2/JimCrowSegregated.jpg

Racial Segregation Based on race Directed primarily against African Americans, but other groups were also kept segregated “Jim Crow” laws were passed to discriminate against African Americans

“Jim Crow” Laws Made discrimination practices legal in many communities and states Were characterized by unequal opportunities in housing, work, education, and government http://literacyrules.com/Black%20History/TheJimCrowLaws-Front.jpg

African Americans differed in their responses to discrimination and “Jim Crow.”

How did African Americans Respond? Booker T. Washington Believed equality could be achieved through vocational education; accepted social separation Atlanta Compromise: 1895, Booker T. Washington gave a speech in which he stated that African Americans should accept the “separate but equal” doctrine and learn trades to improve their lives. http://cache.eb.com/eb/image?id=70963&rendTypeId=4

How did African Americans Respond? W.E.B. Du Bois Believed in full political, civil, and social rights for African Americans. He believed those rights should be given to African Americans immediately. Niagara Movement: in 1905, Du Bois and others demanded an end to racial segregation. http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/12/WEB_DuBois_1918.jpg/250px-WEB_DuBois_1918.jpg

Move to Industry Between the Civil War and World War I, the United States was transformed from an agricultural to an industrial nation.

Reasons for Rise and Prosperity of Big Business National markets created by transportation advances Captains of industry (John D. Rockefeller, oil; Andrew Carnegie, steel, Henry Ford, automobile) Advertising Lower-cost production

Factors Resulting in the Growth of Industry Access to raw materials and energy Availability of work force Inventions Financial resources

Examples of Big Business Railroads Steel Oil

Examples of Big Business http://www.scripophily.com/webcart/vigs/ussteelvigb.jpg http://www.ohiohistorycentral.org/images/1245.jpg http://www.historycentral.com/rec/StandardOilCo.jpg

Postwar Changes in Farm and City Life Mechanization (i.e., the reaper) had reduced farm labor needs and increased production Industrial development in cities created increased labor needs Industrialization provided access to consumer goods (i.e., mail order) http://www.lib.niu.edu/ipo/1992/ihy9212051a.jpg http://exhibits.mannlib.cornell.edu/prefabhousing/images/large/Sears2.jpg

Progressive Movement The effects of industrialization led to the rise of organized labor and important workplace reforms.

Progressive Movement Workplace Reforms Improved safety conditions Reduced work hours Placed restrictions on child labor

Negative Effects of Industrialization Child labor Low wages, long hours Unsafe working conditions http://www.icsd.k12.ny.us/acs/library/ushistory/laborwebquest/images/child_labor.jpg

Rise of Organized Labor Formation of union: American Federation of Labor Strikes: Homestead Strike Legislation was passed and reforms became a reality that eliminated child labor, unsafe working conditions, excessive hours of work, and created worker management arbitration (discussing problems and reaching an agreement) http://www.legendsofamerica.com/photos-americanhistory/HomesteadRiot1892.jpg

Women’s Suffrage Increased educational opportunities Attained voting rights: Women gained the right to vote with the passage of the 19th Amendment; Susan B. Anthony worked for women’s suffrage. http://z.about.com/d/womenshistory/1/0/D/1/sbanthony_hws_400w.jpg http://kids.americancorners.or.kr/ENG/images/05_history_07_02_03.jpg

Temperance Movement Composed of groups opposed to the making and consumption of alcohol. The rationale was that liquor caused poverty and social disorder. Supported the 18th Amendment which prohibited the manufacture, sale, and transport of alcohol. http://i.b5z.net/i/u/895699/i/VDP_-prohibition-poster_ezr.JPG