1. Unit 2 Getting Down to Business

2. What is industry? A branch of business, trade, or manufacturing
ex. – the automobile industry

3. What does urban mean?
Having to do with cities or towns – example:
New York City

4. What does rural mean? Having to do with the country Examples – farming
and open spaces

5. How did life on the farm and in the cities change after the Civil War?
Mechanization increased farm production and reduced the need for farmers
Prices for crops dropped lower while expenses became higher
Industrial development increased labor needs

6. What factors supported the industrial development of the United States?
Natural resources such as iron ore, copper, and lead
Transportation networks for resources and finished goods
Access to energy resources

7. Inventions
Workers (immigrants)
Financial resources (banking)

8. Key industries and their locations
New England –
textiles
Detroit – automobiles

9. Chicago –
meat packing
Pittsburgh – steel

10. Key Inventors and their Contributions
Alexander Graham Bell – telephone
Henry Ford – use of the assembly line
Thomas Edison – filament for the
light bulb

11. Why did urban areas grow in the late 1800s?
Migration of African Americans to Northern cities
Industrialization
Immigration

12. Improved transportation networks
Rural-to-urban migration

13. Big business grew in the late 1800s because of……..
Lower production costs
Mass production
Corporations
Advertising
National markets
due to transportation routes

14. What were working conditions like during industrialization?
Long hours
Low wages
Unsafe working conditions

15. They had sweatshops (a shop or factory where workers work long hours at low wages under unhealthy conditions)
They had child labor

16. Boys rolling cigars in a New York City Sweatshop.

17. A family working “piece work” for the garment industry.

18. The methods used by labor to improve working conditions
Formation of unions, ex. –
American Federation of Labor and Knights of Labor

19. Knights of Labor It was founded by the garment cutters in 1869.
Under the leadership of Terence Powderly, the Knights of Labor became a national labor organization in the 1880’s.

20. Unlike most unions, the Knights of Labor recruited women, African Americans, immigrants, and unskilled laborers.
A wave of violent strikes turned public opinion against the union and it lost members in the 1890’s.
The Haymarket Strike:
A peaceful assembly that ended with over 60 injuries and deaths.

21. American Federation of Labor
In 1881, a group of national trade unions formed a federation that 5 years later became known as the American Federation of Labor.
The AFL represented skilled worker’s in various crafts and in 1886 consisted of 12 national unions with a membership of about 150,000.

23. The AFL was led by Samuel Gompers and pressed for higher wages, shorter hours, better working conditions, and the right to bargain collectively with employers.

24. The Homestead Strike of 1892
In 1892 workers went on strike at Andrew Carnegie’s Steel plant in Homestead, Pennsylvania.
When the steelworkers union called a strike, Homestead managers hired non-union workers and brought in 300 armed guards to protect them

25. Pennsylvania’s governor sent the state’s militia to Homestead to restore order. The plant reopened with non-union workers.
After the failure of the Homestead Strike, the steelworkers union was broken.
The steel workers union will not become active again until the 1930’s.