Bellringer #3 What do you already know about the Protestant Reformation? Who was involved? When did it begin? What were some of the new ideas? Write 1 paragraph!

The Protestant Reformation Chapter 14 Sections 3 & 4

Essential Questions What were the characteristics of Northern Renaissance (Christian) Humanism? What were the chief ideas of Lutheranism, Zwinglianism, Calvinism, and Anabaptism? What role did politics play in the creation and spread of the Protestant Reformation?

Causes of the Reformation Renaissance ideas (humanism, glorification of the individual) The Catholic Church after the Middle Ages was weaker (plague, political control) Printing press (allowed information to spread faster, allowed lay people to read the Bible for themselves)

Northern Renaissance (Christian) Humanism Taken from Italian Renaissance humanism’s study of the classics Goal was to reform Christendom Desiderius Erasmus Studied original Christian texts Handbook of the Christian Knight – Christianity should show how to live, not be rules to get saved Praise of Folly (1511) – criticized popes

Corruption of the Church Renaissance Popes (1450 – 1520) Worried about Italian politics (Papal States) Financial problems (buying art) Pluralism Absenteeism Indulgences Sell of salvation People wanted a more meaningful religious experience

Martin Luther Born in Germany (Nov. 10, 1483) Studied law until deciding to become a monk Studied the Bible New idea – justification by faith Salvation was not through good works, but through faith

Martin Luther Selling of indulgences angered Luther Pope Leo X trying to raise money to rebuild St. Peter’s Basilica Johann Tetzel Ninety-Five Theses (October 31, 1517) Wittenberg, Germany Attack on the church and the sell of indulgences Printed copies spread throughout Germany Pope Leo X excommunicates in Jan. 1521 Diet of Worms-Luther was made an outlaw

Lutheranism Translated New Testament into German Salvation through faith alone (not through the church) Bible is only source of religious truth Peasant’s War Sided with rulers to keep peace The Peace of Ausberg The division of Christianity was formally accepted

Bellringer #4 Explain what is meant by justification by grace through faith alone. List three major areas of corruption within the Catholic Church that led to the Reformation. According to Erasmus, what should be the chief concerns of the Christian Church?

Swiss Reforms (Zwinglianism) Huldrych Zwingli (1484 – 1531) Like Lutheranism – salvation through faith alone Different Wanted a theocracy (church city-state) in Zurich Zwingli’s forces defeated by Catholics

Swiss Reforms (Calvinism) John Calvin – born in France in 1509 Studied theology, law, and humanism Wrote The Institutes of the Christian Religion Predestination – belief that God is all powerful and predestined those who were saved Geneva – began to reform as a theocracy

English Religious Reform Henry VIII – wanted a male heir Catherine of Aragon – daughter Mary Nephew was Charles V of HRE Asked pope for a divorce, pope denied Henry turns to Parliament for help Act of Supremacy (1534) – King became head of English church, not the pope Church keeps most Catholic traditions

English Religious Reform Henry’s Wives 6 wives = 1 son Edward VI (sickly, dies in teens) Protestant reforms put in changes to the Anglican Church Mary (“Bloody Mary”) – Catholic, burned Protestants at the stake Elizabeth I – Protestant, Anglican Church Puritans – “purify” the English church

Anabaptists Did not want states to have power over religion Favored by middle and lower class Adult baptism, all members equal Separation of church and state Would not hold political office or fight in the army

Catholic Reformation Society of Jesus (Jesuits) Council of Trent Ignatius of Loyola Spread Catholicism Council of Trent Re-affirmed traditional Catholic beliefs Ended selling of indulgences Inquisition Censorship Art Latin only language to read the Bible Baroque style – emotional