Warm Up: Relate the following intellectual movements to each other: the Renaissance, the Reformation, the Scientific Revolution & the Enlightenment.

II. Social and Economic Life A.The Bourgeoisie 1.Growth of Cities Rapid growth in Europe’s cities between Centers for manufacturing, finance and trade Urban class that dominated these activities known as the bourgeoisie -Became the middle class of Europe

II. Social and Economic Life 2. Business and the bourgeoisie The bourgeoisie drove business growth and innovation Motivated by profit Invested earnings back into business

II. Social and Economic Life 3. New types of Business Joint-Stock Companies, economic alliances between bourgeoisie and monarchs Created state sanctioned monopolies on trade Companies sold shares to investors to raise money Investors could buy and sell shares on stock exchanges Insurance companies developed, insuring long voyages

II. Social and Economic Life B. Peasants and Laborers 1.Population and Weather Massive population increase -Lower wages -Increased demand for food, higher food prices Little Ice Age -Average temperature decreased -Shorter growing seasons Life for peasants worsened between

II. Social and Economic Life 2. Deforestation Growth of iron and shipping industries led to increased demand for wood -Wood to fuel furnaces -Timber for ships Forest clear cut Laws eventually passed to protect forest Coal replaced wood as source of fuel

Warm Up: How did life change for Europeans between ?

II. Social and Economic Life 3. Urban poor Rural poor migrated to cities in search of jobs -Most lived in poverty Cities became centers for crime, prostitution Tensions increased among the peasants and urban poor toward the clergy and landowning elite

III. Political Innovations A.State Development 1.Characteristics of a State Population = People Territory = Land Sovereignty = supreme power within its own territory Government= political organization

III. Political Innovations 2. Holy Roman Empire Loose federation of principalities and city- states -Modern day Germany and Austria Dominated by Hapsburg family of Austria Religious and political fragmentation prevented unification

III. Political Innovations B. Religious Policies 1. The Spanish Inquisition Spain used religion to unify the nation The Spanish Inquisition Used to suppress Protestant, Jewish and Muslim practices Accused those who resisted the king of heresy

III. Political Innovations 2. French Wars of Religion ( ) Calvinist rulers defeated France’s Catholic monarch Calvinist leader, Prince Henry of Navarre, adopted Catholicism to appeal to majority of subjects -Founded the Bourbon dynasty Edict of Nantes – granted religious toleration in France (1598)

III. Political Innovations 3. The English Reformation English King Henry VIII wanted to divorce his wife, Catherine of Aragon -Pope refused Henry challenged authority of Pope Declared himself head of the Church of England

III. Political Innovations C. Monarchies in England and France England 1.Charles I Charles I wanted to avoid any check on his political power -Refused to call Parliament for 11 years Rebellion in Scotland forced him to request taxes to approve army Parliament insisted on guarantees to protect its rights Charles arrested leaders of House of Commons English Civil War ( )

III. Political Innovations 2. Oliver Cromwell Armies supporting Parliament defeated those supporting the King Charles I executed (1649) Monarchy replaced by a republic, led by Oliver Cromwell -Imposed English rule over Scotland and Ireland -Ruled as a military dictator After Cromwell’s death, Charles II was restored to the monarchy

III. Political Innovations 3.Glorious Revolution James II refused to respect the rights of Parliament Parliament called an army and forced James II into exile Glorious Revolution of 1688 Parliament forced new monarchs, William and Mary, to sign the English Bill of Rights (1689)

III. Political Innovations 4. English Bill of Rights Limited power of the crown Parliament has to consent to: -changes of law -Taxation -Raising army in peacetime Religious toleration granted for Puritans

III. Political Innovations France 5. Estates General French monarchs were able to rule without calling Estates General into session -Estates General represented the bourgeoisie, the clergy & nobility France avoided financial crisis by: - effective tax collecting, selling appointments to high government offices

III. Political Innovations 6. Divine Right Rule Belief that monarch had absolute authority Ruled in God’s name on earth “I am the State” -Expression of the power of an absolute monarch

III. Political Innovations 7. Versailles Symbolized the power of the French monarchy Hosted elaborate ceremonies for French nobility French nobles lived at Versailles -unable to plot rebellion

Versailles

III. Political Innovations D. Warfare and Diplomacy 1.Military Revolution Constant warfare cannon, muskets, and commoner foot soldiers became the mainstays of European armies Armies grew in size most European states maintained standing armies -except England, which maintained a standing navy

III. Political Innovations 2. Training and Command Europeans devised new command structures, signal techniques, and marching drills.

III. Political Innovations 3. Naval Technology warships with multiple tiers of cannon - four-wheel cannon carriages that made reloading easier. England took the lead in the development of new naval technology -English Royal Navy defeated Spain’s Catholic Armada in signaling an end to Spain’s military dominance in Europe

III. Political Innovations 4. Balance of Power European states formed temporary alliances to prevent any one from becoming too powerful Political power, not religion, became focus of European diplomacy

III. Political Innovations Read Document Packet Answer Questions