Agenda Bell ringer Review Maritime Revolution Transformations in Europe Closure

Review How did differing policies in the areas of religion, foreign relations, and economics determine the very different experiences of early modern European states?

Unit 4: Global Interactions (1450 – 1750)

ESSENTIAL LEARNING: THE DIVERSITY OF AMERICAN COLONIAL SOCIETIES( )

Objectives Evaluate how the Columbian Exchange altered the natural environment of the Americas.

Essential Questions How did the Columbian Exchange alter the natural environment of the Americas?

Map 18-1, p. 482

Target: The Columbian Exchange Transfer of peoples, animals, plants, and diseases between the New and Old Worlds.

Demographic changes – New World isolation = lack of immunity. – Smallpox, measles, influenza. – Tropical regions – malaria and yellow fever.

Transfer of Plants and Animals – Old World to the Americas – wheat, olives, grapes, garden vegetables. Rice, bananas, coconuts, sugar from Asia and Africa. European livestock

– Americas to Old World – maize, potatoes, beans, squash, tomatoes. Population increase after Plants that provided dyes, medicine, cotton, and tobacco.

Essential Questions How did the Columbian Exchange alter the natural environment of the Americas?

Review How did the Columbian Exchange alter the natural environment of the Americas?

Unit 4: Global Interactions (1450 – 1750)

ESSENTIAL LEARNING: THE DIVERSITY OF AMERICAN COLONIAL SOCIETIES( )

Objectives Evaluate the role of forced labor in the main industries of Spanish America and Brazil.

Essential Questions What was the role of forced labor in the main industries of Spanish America and Brazil?

Target: Spanish America and Brazil Early Spanish and Portuguese settlers wanted their institutions and customs in the colonies.

Indigenous influence – Military allies and laborers. – Religious beliefs survived. – Languages, cuisines, medical practices, and agricultural techniques.

African slave trade. – Agricultural practices, music, religious beliefs, cuisine, and social customs.

State and Church – Geography and technology limited Spanish royal authority in the colonies. Viceroys Eventually colonial elite (by 1600s)

– Portuguese slow to develop extensive colonial government. – Extensive and costly government institutions. Spain – silver and gold mines, Brazil – sugar plantations and gold mines. Heavy tax burden.

– Catholic Church introduced Christianity, European language and culture. Low quality of indoctrination. Targeted Amerindian elite first. New Laws of 1542 – outlawed Amerindian enslavement.

– Linguistic diversity and geography created blend of beliefs.

Colonial economies – New World mineral wealth fueled development of capitalism, Europe’s trade with Asia. – Growth of colonial cities, agriculture. – Forest destruction, environmental contamination, sickening of Amerindian work force.

– Encomienda – Amerindians divided among settlers, provided labor or goods. Epidemics and mistreatment led to population decline and reforms. Discovery of silver. Weakened village life, assimilation.

– African slave labor on some Portuguese sugar plantations. More productive and resistant to disease. – Mining centers of Mexico and Peru. – Sugar plantations integrated economy of the south Atlantic region.

Society in Colonial Latin America

Castas – Amerindian and African descent.

– Natives used to have distinct cultures and languages. Conquest and epidemics undermined. Racial label “Indian.” Europeans changed their cultures.

– Blacks participated in conquest and settlement. – Opening of direct slave trade with Africa. Prejudice and discrimination.

– Slave resistance. – Skilled artisans, musicians, servants, artists, soldiers. Vast majority – agriculture. – Harsh discipline, punishments, and labor. Gender imbalance.

Manumission – granting freedom. – Most saved money and purchased freedom. – Free black population grew rapidly because children of freed slaves were free.

Essential Questions What was the role of forced labor in the main industries of Spanish America and Brazil?

Agenda

Review What was the role of forced labor in the main industries of Spanish America and Brazil?

Unit 4: Global Interactions (1450 – 1750)

ESSENTIAL LEARNING: THE DIVERSITY OF AMERICAN COLONIAL SOCIETIES( )

Objectives Describe the effects of the colonial reforms and wars among imperial powers that dominated the Americas during the 18 th century.

Essential Questions What were the effects of the colonial reforms and wars among imperial powers that dominated the Americas during the 18 th century?

Target: Colonial Expansion and Conflict Imperial reform in Spanish America and Brazil – Spanish Empire Administration and economic reform. 1700s = economic expansion and population growth Colonial officials v. church hierarchy. New taxes and monopolies. Riots and uprisings.

Brazil – Expansion and reform after – New administrative positions and monopolies. – Rebellions.

Essential Questions What were the effects of the colonial reforms and wars among imperial powers that dominated the Americas during the 18 th century?