1. The Columbian Exchange

2. Key Concept 1.2: Contact among Europeans, Native Americans, and Africans resulted in the Columbian Exchange and significant social, cultural, and political changes on both sides of the Atlantic Ocean.
I. European expansion into the Western Hemisphere generated intense social, religious, political, and economic competition and changes within European societies.
A) European nations’ efforts to explore and conquer the New World stemmed from
a search for new sources of wealth, economic and military competition, and a desire to spread Christianity.
B) The Columbian Exchange brought new crops to Europe from the Americas, stimulating European population growth, and new sources of mineral wealth, which facilitated the European shift from feudalism to capitalism.
C) Improvements in maritime technology and more organized methods for conducting international trade, such as joint-stock companies, helped drive changes to economies in Europe and the Americas.

3. II. The Columbian Exchange and development of the Spanish Empire in the Western Hemisphere resulted in extensive demographic, economic, and social changes.
A) Spanish exploration and conquest of the Americas were accompanied and furthered by widespread deadly epidemics that devastated native populations and by the introduction of crops and animals not found in the Americas.
B) In the encomienda system, Spanish colonial economies marshaled Native American labor to support plantation- based agriculture and extract precious metals and other resources.
C) European traders partnered with some West African groups who practiced slavery to forcibly extract slave labor for the Americas. The Spanish imported enslaved Africans to labor in plantation agriculture and mining.
D) The Spanish developed a caste system that incorporated, and carefully defined the status of, the diverse population of Europeans, Africans, and Native Americans in their empire.

4. Columbus Comes upon a New World
Christopher Columbus persuaded the Spanish to support his expedition on their behalf.
On October 12, 1492, he and his crew landed on an island in the Bahamas.
A new world was within the vision of Europeans.

5. Columbus called the native peoples “Indians.”
Columbus’s discovery convulsed four continents—Europe, Africa, and the two Americas.
An independent global economic system emerged.
The world after 1492 would never be the same.

6. When Worlds Collide
The clash reverberated in the historic Columbian exchange (see Figure 1.2).
While the European explorers marveled at what they saw, they introduced Old World crops and animals to the Americas.
Columbus returned in 1493 to the Caribbean island of Hispaniola.

7. The Introduction of horses changed many Native American societies.
A “sugar revolution” took place in the European diet, fueled by the forced migration of millions of Africans to work the canefields and sugar mills of the New World.
An exchange of diseases between the explorers and the natives took place.

11. Figure 1.2 The Columbian Exchange
Columbus’s discovery initiated the kind of explosion in international commerce that a later age
would call “globalization.”
Figure 1.2 p15

12. The Scourge of Smallpox These scenes of Aztec Indians
afflicted with smallpox contracted from the Spaniards
were drawn by a native artist to illustrate Father Bernardino
de Sahagun’s remarkable sixteenth-century treatise,
“General History of the Things of New Spain,” a pioneering
work of ethnography and anthropology
p15

13. VIII. The Conquest of Mexico and Peru
Spain secured its claim to Columbus’s discovery in the Treaty of Tordesillas (1494), which divided the New World with Portugal.
See Map 1.4.
The West Indies served as offshore bases for staging the Spanish invasion of the mainland.

14. Map 1.4 Principal Voyages of Discovery Spain, Portugal, France, and England reaped the
greatest advantages from the New World, but much of the earliest exploration was done by Italians,
notably Christopher Columbus of Genoa. John Cabot, another native of Genoa (his original name
was Giovanni Caboto), sailed for England’s King Henry VII. Giovanni da Verrazano was a Florentine
employed by France.
Map 1.4 p17