1. Bell Ringer: 1. Look at the map on page 72. Describe the area included in the Viceroyalty of New Spain and the Viceroyalty of Peru? 2. How do you suppose dividing Spain’s vast empire into two units may have made it easier to govern?

2. Viceroyalty – a province ruled by a viceroy, who ruled in the king’s name Encomienda – a grant of Native American labor Hacienda – a large farm or estate Mission – a settlement created by the Church in order to convert Native Americans to Christianity Popé – led the Pueblo Indians in a rebellion against the Spanish in present-day New Mexico Plantation – a large farm that raises cash crops Bartolomé de Las Casas – fought for better treatment of Native Americans Columbian Exchange – the transfer of plants, animals, and diseases between the Western and the Eastern hemispheres

3. As we have learned, the Spanish empire grew rapidly They controlled much of the Americas by 1700 Spain divided its American empire into two provinces Viceroyalty (key term!), ruled by a viceroy New Spain Peru How did roads help the Spanish? Transported people and goods across the empire Helped Spanish control the colonies Soldiers could move quickly from place to place Improved the economy Materials, like gold and silver, could be transported efficiently to the coast, and then on to Spain

4. Spain wanted the colonies to be productive Encomienda Grant of Native American labor Cortés received a grant of more than 100,000 Native Americans to work his estate Haciendas Large farms, grew cash crops

5. 1. Spanish-born colonists Top layer of society, had the most power Example – Hernando Cortés 2. Creoles People of Spanish descent who were born in the colonies (in New Spain or Peru) 3. Mestizos People of mixed Spanish and Native American ancestry 4. Native Americans and enslaved Africans Had the least power and fewest rights

6. Look at the map on page 72 in your textbook. Which viceroyalty included the West Indies? New Spain Which viceroyalty covered more territory? Peru Observe the large distance between the cities of Mexico City and Lima. What kinds of problems might the distance cause for administrators in each city? They could not keep in touch with distant areas or send supplies/troops quickly

7. An important part of Spanish society Missions Settlements that included a church, a town, and farmlands Goal was to convert Native Americans to Christianity Also increased Spanish control over the land

8. Helped the Native Americans to create a better supply of food Offered Native Americans protection against enemies Many Native Americans learned to read and write Others developed skills such as carpentry and metalworking

9. Native Americans were often treated as slaves – made to do work They tried to replace Native American religions and traditions Native Americans ran away, rebelled Popé – led the Pueblo Indians in a rebellion against the Spanish at Santa Fe

10. Nombre de Dios Built in 1565 in St. Augustine, FL San Antonio de Valero In San Antonio, Texas Better known by what name? California From 1769-1845, there were 21 missions established Stretched from San Diego to San Francisco (Sonoma Mission)

11. Plantations Large farms that raised cash crops, like sugar Crops then sent (exported) to Europe Columbus brought sugar cane to Hispaniola Ideal growing environment Required many workers Taino people were forced to work The plantations did well, but the Taino did not

12. Look at the painting on page 73 in your textbook. How does the picture help explain why the Europeans used slaves to make sugar? It shows many people doing hard work to make sugar. More about Sugar - Today, sugar remains an important product in many former Spanish colonies in the Americas. The economies of some countries in those regions, such as Cuba, are heavily dependent on the success of each year’s sugar cane crop. Do you know - what local company was very invested in the sugar industry in Cuba?

13. Native Americans treated poorly Bartolomé de Las Casas Catholic priest Arrived in Hispaniola in 1502 Participated in the conquest of Cuba in 1512 For his effort, he was given an encomienda Moral dilemma – why? How can a person serve God and enslave Native Americans at the same time?

14. Fought for better treatment of Native Americans Freed his Native Americans in 1514 “Protector of the Indians” Efforts of Las Casas contributed to the New Laws Spanish king issued the New Laws in 1542 Ordered the gradual freeing of all enslaved Native Americans Who protested? Spanish colonists What happened? King eventually reversed many of them

15. Movement of plants, animals, and diseases between the Eastern and Western hemispheres

16. Negative Effects? Transfer of germs from Europe to the Americas Smallpox, measles, and influenza Native Americans had no immunity Population of Native Americans in Central America decreased by 90- 95% in span of 100 years (1519-1619) What might have happened if Native Americans had been immune to European diseases? Positive Effects? Brought the world closer; people moved and spread cultures European livestock and crops to the Americas American crops aided the European diet Potatoes and corn What positive effect did these two crops have on the Europeans?